JOSEPH BEN ABRAHAM HA-KOHEN HA-RO'EH (Arabic, Abu Ya'ḳub al-Baṣir):

By: Kaufmann Kohler, Isaac Broydé

Karaite philosopher and theologian; flourished in Babylonia or Persia in the first half of the eleventh century; teacher of Joshua ben Judah (Abu al-Faraj Furḳan ibn Asad). By way of euphemism he was surnamed "ha-Ro'eh" (= "the seer"), on account of his blindness. This infirmity, however, did not prevent him from undertaking long journeys, probably as a Karaite missionary. In the course of his travels he frequented the religio-philosophical schools of the Motazilites, whose teachings he defended in his works. Of these the most important is the "Muḥtawi," translated from the Arabic into Hebrew, perhaps by Tobiah ben Moses, under the title "Sefer ha-Ne'imot," or "Zikron ha-Datot." It is divided into forty chapters, in which all the main principles of the Motazilite "kalam" are applied to the Karaite dogmas: the five principles of the unity of God; the necessity of admitting atoms and accidents; the existence of a Creator; the necessity of admitting certain attributes and rejecting others; God's justice and its relation to free will; reward and punishment; etc. The author often argues against the Christians, the Dualists, the Magians, the Epicureans, and various other sects, with whose tenets he shows himself well acquainted. He cites the founders of the Motazilite sects of Al-Jabaiyah and Al-Bahshamiyyah, Abu 'Ali Mohammed ben 'Abd al-Wahhab al-Jabai, and his son Hashim 'Abd al-Salam, whose teachings he closely follows. The "Muḥtawi" is still extant in manuscript, both in the Arabic original and in its Hebrew translation; the former in the David Kaufmann Library, the latter in the libraries of Leyden, Paris, and St. Petersburg.

Another extant work of his is "Al-Tamyiz," called also "Al-Manṣuri" (Brit. Mus. Or. No. 2568). It was translated into Hebrew, with some additions, by Tobiah ben Moses under the title "Maḥkimat Peti" (Oxford, Leyden, Paris, St. Petersburg). It is divided into thirty-three chapters, and treats in abridged form all the non-polemical subjects contained in the "Muḥtawi." In the fourteenth chapter the author criticizes the "Shi'ur Ḳomah," and refutes the theory of Benjamin ben Moses Nahawandi, who, holding God too sublime to concern Himself directly with the material world, believed that it was created by an angel acting as God's representative. From the similarity between some passages of the "Maḥkimat Peti" and of the "Emunot we-De'ot" it may be inferred that Joseph knew Saadia's work and often used it. The "Maḥkimat Peti" (xxiii.) is quoted, under its Arabic title "Al-Manṣuri," by Joseph ibn Ẓaddiḳ in reference to God's sufficiency; Ibn Ẓaddiḳ criticizes also the Motazilite theory adopted by Joseph ben Abraham (xxvii.) concerning the reward reserved in the next world for animals and children in return for the sufferings inflicted upon them in this world ("'Olam Ḳaṭan," ed. Jellinek, pp. 46, 70).

Joseph quotes in the "Muḥtawi" and "Al-Tamyiz" the following works of his, which are no longer in existence: "Ṣihat al-Istidlal bi-al-Shahd (Shahr) 'ala al-Ghaib," probably on the proofs of the existence of a Creator; "Aḥwal al-Fa'il"; "Al-Muḥiṭ," in Hebrew, "Shefoṭ ha-Shofeṭim"; a writing on, perhaps against, Abu Ghalib Thabit; "Meliẓat Iḳre al-Lubad" (?); "Al-Isti'anah"; "Al-Istibṣar," on the precepts ("Sefer ha-Miẓwot"), a fragment of which, comprising the laws of inheritance and purity, is still extant (Brit. Mus. Or. 2567). The laws concerning the festivals were translated into Hebrew by Tobiah ben Moses, under the title "Sefer ha-Mo'adim." They are divided into eight chapters, in which Joseph discusses the arguments used by Samuel ben Ḥofni against the Karaites in regard to the neomenia and the celebration of the Feast of the First Fruits. Harkavy supposes that these arguments were discussed also in another work of Joseph's entitled "Kitab al-Hidayah." Joseph is supposed to have been the author also of: "Ẓidduḳ ha-Din," on eschatology; "She'elot u-Teshubot" (Arabic, "Mas'ail wa-Jawa'ib"), containing thirteen philosophical questions addressed to Jewish and non-Jewish scholars; "Peri Ẓaddiḳ," a chapter on theodicy.

Joseph was considered one of the greatest authorities among the Karaites. To him was due the reform introduced in the laws of incest ("'arayot"), he having been the first to protest against exaggerations of the scope of the hermeneutic rule of analogy ("heḳesh") by which the successors of Anan had prohibited intermarriage between the most distant relatives. His philosophical system was adopted by all his Karaite successors down to Aaron ben Elijah of Nicomedia, who, in his "'Eẓ Ḥayyim," cites him often. In this field, however, Joseph has no claim to originality, for he only reproduced the "kalam" of the Motazilites, and his main work, the "Muḥtawi," but for the few Biblical quotations contained therein, might have been signed by any Moslem.

Joseph discussed only the general questions of monotheism, which are the common ground of both Jews and Mohammedans, and carefully avoided those on which Jews and Mohammedans are divided, as, for instance, the question whether the Mosaiclaw has been abrogated. The value of his works lies only in the information they furnish concerning the "Kalam" of the Motazilites. It is probable that in representing the Karaite theologians as Mutakallamin ("Moreh," lxxi.) Maimonides alluded to Joseph.