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SPIELMANN, SIR ISIDORE – English engineer and communal worker; born in London July 21, 1854. He was trained as an engineer, but developed great interest in matters relating to art, and in 1887 he suggested the idea of the Anglo-Jewish Historical...
SPIELMANN, MARION H. – English author and art critic; born in London May 22, 1858; educated at University College School and University College, London. He began his training as art critic on the "Pall Mall Gazette" (1883-90), for which he wrote...
SPINA (ESPINA), ALFONSO DE – One of the most inveterate enemies of the Jews and of Judaism—to which he never belonged, despite the assertions of Jost and of Amador de los Rios. He was general of the Order of Franciscans, rector of the University of...
SPINGARN, JOEL ELIAS – American educator; born in New York city May 17, 1875. He was graduated from Columbia University in 1895, and took postgraduate courses at Harvard and Columbia universities (Ph.D. 1899). In 1899 he was appointed tutor and in the...
SPINNHOLZ – See Marriage Ceremonies.
SPINNING – Egyptian Spinners. Spinning and weaving are arts of extreme antiquity, dating back even to prehistoric times. The Egyptians were especially expert in them, their white linen textures being of such fineness as to be diaphanous,...
SPINOZA, BARUCH (BENEDICT DE SPINOZA) – Dutch philospher and Biblical critic; born at Amsterdam Nov. 24, 1632; died at The Hague Feb. 21, 1677. The family name is derived from the town of Espinosa, in Leon, not far from the city of Burgos. Baruch's grandfather,...
SPIRA (SPIRO) – Family of scholars and rabbis of Speyer, Rhenish Bavaria, with numerous branches in other parts of Germany, and in Bohemia, Galicia, and Poland. It originally bore the name "Ashkenazi," to distinguish it from the Kahane or...
SPIRIT – See Holy Spirit.
SPIRITS, CONCEPTION OF – See Demonology.
SPIRO, JOSEPH MOSES – Austrian rabbi and Talmudic author; born in Trietsch, Moravia, about 1770; died at Kanitz, Moravia, Aug. 3, 1830. He was educated by his father, Abraham, who was rabbi in Trietsch, and, although a sickly child, he became at an...
SPITZ, ABRAHAM (NAPHTALI HIRSCH) BEN MOSES HA-LEVI – Moravian rabbi; born about 1628; died at Worms in 1712. In 1663 he was appointed rabbi of a Moravian congregation, and in 1692 dayyan at Nikolsburg, where he officiated for twelve years. In 1704 he was called to Worms, where he...
SPITZ, ISAAC (EIZIG) – Ab det din in Bunzlau, Bohemia; born 1764; died in Bunzlau May 6, 1842. He wrote "Mat'amme Yiẓḥaḳ," songs, melodies, and sayings, which was published by his son Yom-Ṭob in Prague in 1843.Bibliography: Busch, Jahrbuch, i. 176;...
SPITZ, MEÏR B. JOHANAN – Rabbi of Oronie, Hungary, in the eighteenth century. He wrote "Katit la-Ma'or," halakic novellæ to some Talmudic treatises; and "Shemen ha-Ma'or," novellæ on ritualistic matters. Both these works appeared in Vienna in...
SPITZ, MORITZ – American rabbi; born at Csaba, Hungary, Oct. 14, 1848. He was educated at the University of Prague, and received his rabbinical diploma from Rabbi Judah Teweles of that city. From 1870 to 1871 he officiated as rabbi of...
SPITZ, YOM-ṬOB BEN ISAAC – Teacher of Hebrew and German in the Jewish school of Prague during the first half of the nineteenth century. He was the author of "Alon Bakut" (Prague, 1826), on the death of his grandfather R. Eleazar Fleckeles of Prague;...
SPITZ, ẒEBI HIRSCH – German author and Talmudist of the eighteenth century. He wrote "Dibre Ḥakamim we-Ḥidotam" (Offenbach, 1802), a commentary on those passages of the Talmud in which it is said "the Torah speaks in the language of man" or "the...
SPITZER, BENJAMIN SOLOMON – Austrian rabbi and champion of Orthodoxy; died in Vienna, at an advanced age, Dec. 5, 1893. He was the son-in-law of R. Moses Sofer, and was for more than forty years rabbi of the ultra-Orthodox congregation of Vienna, whose...
SPITZER, FRIEDRICH (SAMUEL) – French art collector and dealer; born in Presburg 1814; died in Paris 1890. He was the son of the official grave-digger of the community and went penniless to Vienna. In 1848 he accompanied the Austrian army to Italy, and upon...
SPITZER, SAMUEL – Hungarian rabbi; born in 1839 at Keszthely, where his father was rabbi; died in 1896; a descendant of Yom-Ṭob Lipmann Heller. He studied at Prague, and became rabbi at Esseg in 1856. He was generally recognized as an authority...
SPITZER, SIGMUND – Austrian physician; born at Nikolsburg, Moravia, 1813; died at Vienna 1894. Two years after receiving his degree of doctor of medicine from the University of Vienna he accepted a professorship in anatomy at the medical school of...
SPITZER, SIMON – Austrian mathematician; born at Vienna Feb. 3, 1826; died there April 2, 1887. He studied mathematics at the University of Vienna, was graduated in 1850, and became in 1851 privat-docent at the Vienna polytechnic institute. In...
STACTE – See Incense; Spices.
STADE – City in the province of Hanover, Prussia. Its Jews are first mentioned in a charter granted them in 1349. In 1613 they received a patent of protection from Johann Friedrich, Archbishop of Bremen; and on Sept. 28, 1615, he...
STADE, BERNHARD – German Protestant Hebraist and historian of Israel; born in Arnstadt May 11, 1848. He became privat-docent in the University of Leipsic in 1873, and professor of theology at Giessen in 1875.Of Stade's works the following may be...

SPIELMANN, SIR ISIDORE – English engineer and communal worker; born in London July 21, 1854. He was trained as an engineer, but developed great interest in matters relating to art, and in 1887 he suggested the idea of the Anglo-Jewish Historical...

SPIELMANN, MARION H. – English author and art critic; born in London May 22, 1858; educated at University College School and University College, London. He began his training as art critic on the "Pall Mall Gazette" (1883-90), for which he wrote...

SPINA (ESPINA), ALFONSO DE – One of the most inveterate enemies of the Jews and of Judaism—to which he never belonged, despite the assertions of Jost and of Amador de los Rios. He was general of the Order of Franciscans, rector of the University of...

SPINGARN, JOEL ELIAS – American educator; born in New York city May 17, 1875. He was graduated from Columbia University in 1895, and took postgraduate courses at Harvard and Columbia universities (Ph.D. 1899). In 1899 he was appointed tutor and in the...

SPINNHOLZ – See Marriage Ceremonies.

SPINNING – Egyptian Spinners. Spinning and weaving are arts of extreme antiquity, dating back even to prehistoric times. The Egyptians were especially expert in them, their white linen textures being of such fineness as to be diaphanous,...

SPINOZA, BARUCH (BENEDICT DE SPINOZA) – Dutch philospher and Biblical critic; born at Amsterdam Nov. 24, 1632; died at The Hague Feb. 21, 1677. The family name is derived from the town of Espinosa, in Leon, not far from the city of Burgos. Baruch's grandfather,...

SPIRA (SPIRO) – Family of scholars and rabbis of Speyer, Rhenish Bavaria, with numerous branches in other parts of Germany, and in Bohemia, Galicia, and Poland. It originally bore the name "Ashkenazi," to distinguish it from the Kahane or...

SPIRIT – See Holy Spirit.

SPIRITS, CONCEPTION OF – See Demonology.

SPIRO, JOSEPH MOSES – Austrian rabbi and Talmudic author; born in Trietsch, Moravia, about 1770; died at Kanitz, Moravia, Aug. 3, 1830. He was educated by his father, Abraham, who was rabbi in Trietsch, and, although a sickly child, he became at an...

SPITZ, ABRAHAM (NAPHTALI HIRSCH) BEN MOSES HA-LEVI – Moravian rabbi; born about 1628; died at Worms in 1712. In 1663 he was appointed rabbi of a Moravian congregation, and in 1692 dayyan at Nikolsburg, where he officiated for twelve years. In 1704 he was called to Worms, where he...

SPITZ, ISAAC (EIZIG) – Ab det din in Bunzlau, Bohemia; born 1764; died in Bunzlau May 6, 1842. He wrote "Mat'amme Yiẓḥaḳ," songs, melodies, and sayings, which was published by his son Yom-Ṭob in Prague in 1843.Bibliography: Busch, Jahrbuch, i. 176;...

SPITZ, MEÏR B. JOHANAN – Rabbi of Oronie, Hungary, in the eighteenth century. He wrote "Katit la-Ma'or," halakic novellæ to some Talmudic treatises; and "Shemen ha-Ma'or," novellæ on ritualistic matters. Both these works appeared in Vienna in...

SPITZ, MORITZ – American rabbi; born at Csaba, Hungary, Oct. 14, 1848. He was educated at the University of Prague, and received his rabbinical diploma from Rabbi Judah Teweles of that city. From 1870 to 1871 he officiated as rabbi of...

SPITZ, YOM-ṬOB BEN ISAAC – Teacher of Hebrew and German in the Jewish school of Prague during the first half of the nineteenth century. He was the author of "Alon Bakut" (Prague, 1826), on the death of his grandfather R. Eleazar Fleckeles of Prague;...

SPITZ, ẒEBI HIRSCH – German author and Talmudist of the eighteenth century. He wrote "Dibre Ḥakamim we-Ḥidotam" (Offenbach, 1802), a commentary on those passages of the Talmud in which it is said "the Torah speaks in the language of man" or "the...

SPITZER, BENJAMIN SOLOMON – Austrian rabbi and champion of Orthodoxy; died in Vienna, at an advanced age, Dec. 5, 1893. He was the son-in-law of R. Moses Sofer, and was for more than forty years rabbi of the ultra-Orthodox congregation of Vienna, whose...

SPITZER, FRIEDRICH (SAMUEL) – French art collector and dealer; born in Presburg 1814; died in Paris 1890. He was the son of the official grave-digger of the community and went penniless to Vienna. In 1848 he accompanied the Austrian army to Italy, and upon...

SPITZER, SAMUEL – Hungarian rabbi; born in 1839 at Keszthely, where his father was rabbi; died in 1896; a descendant of Yom-Ṭob Lipmann Heller. He studied at Prague, and became rabbi at Esseg in 1856. He was generally recognized as an authority...

SPITZER, SIGMUND – Austrian physician; born at Nikolsburg, Moravia, 1813; died at Vienna 1894. Two years after receiving his degree of doctor of medicine from the University of Vienna he accepted a professorship in anatomy at the medical school of...

SPITZER, SIMON – Austrian mathematician; born at Vienna Feb. 3, 1826; died there April 2, 1887. He studied mathematics at the University of Vienna, was graduated in 1850, and became in 1851 privat-docent at the Vienna polytechnic institute. In...

STACTE – See Incense; Spices.

STADE – City in the province of Hanover, Prussia. Its Jews are first mentioned in a charter granted them in 1349. In 1613 they received a patent of protection from Johann Friedrich, Archbishop of Bremen; and on Sept. 28, 1615, he...

STADE, BERNHARD – German Protestant Hebraist and historian of Israel; born in Arnstadt May 11, 1848. He became privat-docent in the University of Leipsic in 1873, and professor of theology at Giessen in 1875.Of Stade's works the following may be...