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BRENZ, SAMUEL FRIEDRICH – Anti-Jewish writer; born at Osterburg, Bavaria, in the latter half of the sixteenth century; date and place of death unknown. He was converted to Christianity in 1610 at Feuchtwangen, and wrote "Jüdischer Abgestreifter...
BRESCH – Translator of the Pentateuch into Judæo-German; lived in Germany in the sixteenth century, He is known only from De Rossi (s.v. "Guida Figlio di Mose Naftali Bres"; Hamberger, s.v. "Bress"), who credits him with the translation...
BRESCIA – City and province of Lombardy, Italy. The Jews first settled there during Roman times. A commemorative stone, dating from the fifth century, probably comes from a synagogue. In the Middle Ages definite information concerning the...
BRESLAU – See Silesia.
BRESLAU, ARYEH LÖB BEN ḤAYYIM – German Talmudist and rabbi; born in 1741 at Breslau, Prussia; died April 22, 1809, at Rotterdam, Holland. He lived at Lissa, Posen, and later at Berlin, where he was an inmate of the bet ha-midrash of the philanthropist Daniel...
BRESLAU, JOSEPH B. DAVID – German Talmudist and rabbi; born (probably at Breslau) in 1691; died Jan. 22, 1752, at Bamberg. He was at first a rabbi at Grabfeld near Fulda, then rabbi of Bamberg, 1743-52, where his brother-in-law, Moses b. Abraham Broda,...
BRESLAU, MARCUS HEYMANN – Author and journalist; born at Breslau, Germany; died in London May 14, 1864. He went to London as a youth, and for a time taught Hebrew and was attached to a synagogue. He then became connected with the "Hebrew Review," edited...
BRESLAUER, HERMANN – Austrian neuropath; born at Duschnik, Bohemia, Nov. 10, 1835. He was educated at the gymnasium at Pilsen and the University of Vienna, graduating from the latter as doctor of medicine in 1860. Establishing himself as a physician...
BRESLAUER, MAX – German chemist; born at Trebnitz, Prussian Silesia, June 19, 1856. He received his education at the universities of Leipsic, Heidelberg, and Breslau, graduating with the degree of doctor of philosophy. In 1880 he was appointed...
BRESLAUR, EMIL – German musician and writer on musical pedagogics; born at Kottbus May 29, 1836. He first attended the gymnasium in his native city, and later the seminary at Neuzelle. Upon his graduation from that institution he became preacher...
BRESNER, ISAAC BEN ELIJAH LEVI – Austrian educator; lived at Prague in the second half of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth. In 1795 Bresner published at Prague, under the title "Iggeret Yiẓḥaḳ" (The Letter of Isaac), an order of...
BRESNITZ, HEINRICH – Austrian author and journalist; born at Czernowitz, Bukowina, Austria-Hungary, 1844. In 1867 he established in Vienna a periodical, "Der Osten," and in 1869 a political journal, "Der Patriot." From 1879 to 1886 he was the...
BRESSELAU, MEÏR ISRAEL – German notary and secretary of the Reform congregation of Hamburg; born 1785 (?); died in Hamburg Dec. 25, 1839. He was identified with the Reform movement in Hamburg from its beginning, and when the Orthodox party attacked the...
BRESSLAU, HARRY – German historian; born in Dannenberg, Hanover, March 22, 1848. He studied history in Göttingen from 1866 to 1869; became teacher of the real-school in Frankfort-on-the-Main; afterward occupied a similar position in Berlin, and...
BRESSLAU , MENDEL BEN ḤAYYIM JUDAH – Bookseller at Breslau (died 1829); author of articles in the periodical "Ha-Meassef," and of an allegorical ethical dialogue, "Yaldut u-Baḥarut" (Childhood and Youth), Breslau, 1786. He also wrote "Gelilot Ereẓ Israel," a...
BREST-LITOVSK – A fortified town in the government of Grodno, Russia, at the junction of the Mukhovetz river with the western Bug; capital of the district of the same name. The Jewish population of the city in 1897 was 30,252, in a total...
BRESTOVITZA – Town in the district and government of Grodno, Russia, about forty miles south of the capital. From a record of a lawsuit between Paul Moskovich, parson of Brestovitza (Berestovec), and the Jew Moisei Isaacovich Khoroshenki of...
BREUER, JOSEPH – Austrian physician; born Jan. 15, 1842, at Vienna. He studied medicine at the University of Vienna, whence in 1863 he graduated with the degree of doctor of medicine and surgery. The same year he entered the service of the...
BRIBERY – The offer or receipt of anything of value in corrupt payment for an official act done or to be done.The moral basis for the Jewish law against bribery is clearly expressed in Deut. xvi. 19-20; see also Ex. xxiii. 8. Divine...
BRICHANY – Town in the government of Bessarabia, Russia, with (in 1898) 7,303 Jewish inhabitants in a total population of 8,094. The Jewish artisans number 972, most of whom are furriers who export fur overcoats and caps to the extent of...
BRICK – The expression "brick" ( ; translated once "tile" in A. V., Ezek. iv. 1) designates both the burnt and the sun-dried brick. However, there is only one certain passage in which the first kind is referred to—viz., Gen. xi. 3—and...
BRIDE – In Mystic Lore: The allegorical use of the name "Bride" for "Israel" is based upon Hosea ii. 19-20: "I will betroth thee forever," and, in conjunction with Ezek. xvi. 8, gave rise to the allegorical interpretation of the Song of...
BRIDEGROOM AND BRIDEGROOM'S FRIENDS – See Betrothal; Marriage.
BRIDEGROOM OF GENESIS (Ḥatan Bereshit) – See Bridegroom of the Law.
BRIDEGROOM OF THE LAW (Ḥatan Torah) – The somewhat poetic designation of Bridegrooms of the Law and of Genesis are given to the persons called up in the synagogue to the reading of the chapters ending and beginning the Pentateuch respectively (Deut. xxxiii....

BRENZ, SAMUEL FRIEDRICH – Anti-Jewish writer; born at Osterburg, Bavaria, in the latter half of the sixteenth century; date and place of death unknown. He was converted to Christianity in 1610 at Feuchtwangen, and wrote "Jüdischer Abgestreifter...

BRESCH – Translator of the Pentateuch into Judæo-German; lived in Germany in the sixteenth century, He is known only from De Rossi (s.v. "Guida Figlio di Mose Naftali Bres"; Hamberger, s.v. "Bress"), who credits him with the translation...

BRESCIA – City and province of Lombardy, Italy. The Jews first settled there during Roman times. A commemorative stone, dating from the fifth century, probably comes from a synagogue. In the Middle Ages definite information concerning the...

BRESLAU – See Silesia.

BRESLAU, ARYEH LÖB BEN ḤAYYIM – German Talmudist and rabbi; born in 1741 at Breslau, Prussia; died April 22, 1809, at Rotterdam, Holland. He lived at Lissa, Posen, and later at Berlin, where he was an inmate of the bet ha-midrash of the philanthropist Daniel...

BRESLAU, JOSEPH B. DAVID – German Talmudist and rabbi; born (probably at Breslau) in 1691; died Jan. 22, 1752, at Bamberg. He was at first a rabbi at Grabfeld near Fulda, then rabbi of Bamberg, 1743-52, where his brother-in-law, Moses b. Abraham Broda,...

BRESLAU, MARCUS HEYMANN – Author and journalist; born at Breslau, Germany; died in London May 14, 1864. He went to London as a youth, and for a time taught Hebrew and was attached to a synagogue. He then became connected with the "Hebrew Review," edited...

BRESLAUER, HERMANN – Austrian neuropath; born at Duschnik, Bohemia, Nov. 10, 1835. He was educated at the gymnasium at Pilsen and the University of Vienna, graduating from the latter as doctor of medicine in 1860. Establishing himself as a physician...

BRESLAUER, MAX – German chemist; born at Trebnitz, Prussian Silesia, June 19, 1856. He received his education at the universities of Leipsic, Heidelberg, and Breslau, graduating with the degree of doctor of philosophy. In 1880 he was appointed...

BRESLAUR, EMIL – German musician and writer on musical pedagogics; born at Kottbus May 29, 1836. He first attended the gymnasium in his native city, and later the seminary at Neuzelle. Upon his graduation from that institution he became preacher...

BRESNER, ISAAC BEN ELIJAH LEVI – Austrian educator; lived at Prague in the second half of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth. In 1795 Bresner published at Prague, under the title "Iggeret Yiẓḥaḳ" (The Letter of Isaac), an order of...

BRESNITZ, HEINRICH – Austrian author and journalist; born at Czernowitz, Bukowina, Austria-Hungary, 1844. In 1867 he established in Vienna a periodical, "Der Osten," and in 1869 a political journal, "Der Patriot." From 1879 to 1886 he was the...

BRESSELAU, MEÏR ISRAEL – German notary and secretary of the Reform congregation of Hamburg; born 1785 (?); died in Hamburg Dec. 25, 1839. He was identified with the Reform movement in Hamburg from its beginning, and when the Orthodox party attacked the...

BRESSLAU, HARRY – German historian; born in Dannenberg, Hanover, March 22, 1848. He studied history in Göttingen from 1866 to 1869; became teacher of the real-school in Frankfort-on-the-Main; afterward occupied a similar position in Berlin, and...

BRESSLAU , MENDEL BEN ḤAYYIM JUDAH – Bookseller at Breslau (died 1829); author of articles in the periodical "Ha-Meassef," and of an allegorical ethical dialogue, "Yaldut u-Baḥarut" (Childhood and Youth), Breslau, 1786. He also wrote "Gelilot Ereẓ Israel," a...

BREST-LITOVSK – A fortified town in the government of Grodno, Russia, at the junction of the Mukhovetz river with the western Bug; capital of the district of the same name. The Jewish population of the city in 1897 was 30,252, in a total...

BRESTOVITZA – Town in the district and government of Grodno, Russia, about forty miles south of the capital. From a record of a lawsuit between Paul Moskovich, parson of Brestovitza (Berestovec), and the Jew Moisei Isaacovich Khoroshenki of...

BREUER, JOSEPH – Austrian physician; born Jan. 15, 1842, at Vienna. He studied medicine at the University of Vienna, whence in 1863 he graduated with the degree of doctor of medicine and surgery. The same year he entered the service of the...

BRIBERY – The offer or receipt of anything of value in corrupt payment for an official act done or to be done.The moral basis for the Jewish law against bribery is clearly expressed in Deut. xvi. 19-20; see also Ex. xxiii. 8. Divine...

BRICHANY – Town in the government of Bessarabia, Russia, with (in 1898) 7,303 Jewish inhabitants in a total population of 8,094. The Jewish artisans number 972, most of whom are furriers who export fur overcoats and caps to the extent of...

BRICK – The expression "brick" ( ; translated once "tile" in A. V., Ezek. iv. 1) designates both the burnt and the sun-dried brick. However, there is only one certain passage in which the first kind is referred to—viz., Gen. xi. 3—and...

BRIDE – In Mystic Lore: The allegorical use of the name "Bride" for "Israel" is based upon Hosea ii. 19-20: "I will betroth thee forever," and, in conjunction with Ezek. xvi. 8, gave rise to the allegorical interpretation of the Song of...

BRIDEGROOM AND BRIDEGROOM'S FRIENDS – See Betrothal; Marriage.

BRIDEGROOM OF GENESIS (Ḥatan Bereshit) – See Bridegroom of the Law.

BRIDEGROOM OF THE LAW (Ḥatan Torah) – The somewhat poetic designation of Bridegrooms of the Law and of Genesis are given to the persons called up in the synagogue to the reading of the chapters ending and beginning the Pentateuch respectively (Deut. xxxiii....