JewishEncyclopedia.com

CONIGLIANI, CARLO – Italian jurist and political economist; born at Modena June 25, 1868; died there Dec. 6, 1901. After studying law at Modena, receiving the degree of doctor of laws in 1889, he was sent by the government to Padua and London for...
CONITZ – See Konitz.
CONJUNCTIVE – See Accents in Hebrew.
CONNECTICUT – One of the six New England States, and one of the thirteen original states of theUnion. The first mention of a Jew in Connecticut is apparently that of a certain "David the Jew" in the Colonial Records, under date of Nov. 9,...
CONQUE, ABRAHAM BEN LEVI – Cabalist; lived at Hebron, Palestine, in the second half of the seventeenth century. Swayed by his cabalistic studies, Conque threw himself into the Shabbethaian movement, and became one of the most earnest apostles of the...
CONQUE, JOSEPH – Nephew of Abraham ben Levi Conque; lived in Hebron, Palestine, during the seventeenth century. He was the teacher of Isaac b. Judah Rapoport. Some of his novellæ and responsa are cited in Ḥayyim Abulafia's various...
CONRAD (CUNTZE) OF WINTERTHUR – Burgomaster of Strasburg during the Black Death, in 1348. Together with the councilors Goffe Sturm (Schöppe) and Peter Schwarber, he opposed the mob which, believing the Jews had caused the Black Death by poisoning the wells and...
CONRAT, MASE – Professor and writer on Roman law; born in Breslau Sept. 16, 1848. His original name was Cohn, which he exchanged for Conrat in 1882, when he embraced the Christian faith. Conrat attended the gymnasium of St. Maria Magdalena in...
CONSANGUINITY AMONG JEWS – Owing to their dispersion among populations professing creed different from their own, Jews have married ear relatives more frequently than the rest of the world. The marriage of first cousins and even of uncle and niece is...
CONSECRATION – The solemn setting apart of a person or thing to a special use or purpose. According to Fleischer (Levy, "Neuhebr. Wörterb." ii. 206), the word "ḥanak" (to initiate) is derived from the "rubbing of the throat" of an infant for...
CONSENT – A voluntary yielding of the will, judgment, or inclination to what is proposed or desired by another. A rational and voluntary concurrence of the parties is necessary in all cases involving a legal act or contract. This...
CONSISTORY – An ecclesiastical court; in Jewish usage, a body governing the Jewish congregations of a province or of a country; also the district administered by the consistory. The term was originally, and still is, applied in the Roman...
CONSOLATION – Biblical Data: Comfort; alleviation of sorrow ( ); relief from grief (from , meaning in pi'el form "to remove grief"); words of sympathy and encouragement offered to persons in distress (Gen. xxxvii. 35; II Sam. xii. 24; Job...
CONSOLO, BENJAMIN – Italian Hebraist; born at Ancona in 1806; died at Florence in 1887. He received his elementary instruction from Rabbi David A. Vivanti at the Talmud Torah of his native city, and then took up eagerly the study of secular...
CONSOLO, FEDERICO – Italian violin virtuoso, composer, and scholar; born at Ancona in 1841. After studying the violin with Giorgetti in Florence and Vieuxtemps in Brussels, and composition with Fétis and Liszt, he played with great success at...
CONSONANTS – See Hebrew Language.
CONSTANCE, DISTRICT OF THE LAKE OF – Region in the northeastern part of Switzerland. Of the Jewish communities designated as belonging to the district of the Lake of Constance, those of Ueberlingen, Constance, Schaffhausen, and Diessenhofen deserve special mention,...
CONSTANTINE I. (FLAVIUS VALERIUS AURELIUS CONSTANTINUS) – Roman emperor; born Feb. 27, 274; died May 22, 337; proclaimed emperor by the army in Gaul on the death of his father, Constantius Chlorus (306). He defeated Maxentius, his rival in Italy, in 312; and after routing Licinius,...
CONSTANTINE – City in Algeria; capital of the department of the same name. In ancient times it was the capital of Numidia. Jews lived there as early as the first centuries of the common era, as is attested by epitaphs found in several places...
CONSTANTINIS, ABRAHAM – Greek manufacturer, and president ("proëdros") of the Jewish community of Athens, Greece. He was born at Zante in 1865. After receiving an elementary education in his native city, he studied at Paris, where he took the degree of...
CONSTANTINOPLE – Capital of the Ottoman empire, situated on the Bosporus; the "Byzantium" of the ancients. The earliest official document hitherto discovered relating to the Jews of Constantinople dates from 390. A decree of that year (Feb. 23)...
CONSTANTINOV, VOLHYNIA – See Staro-Konstantinov.
CONSTANZA – Rumanian town in the province of Dobrudja. During the Russo-Turkish campaign of 1828 some Jewish purveyors came with the Russian army to Constanza, and, settling in the place, formed the nucleus, of a small community. A separate...
CONSTELLATIONS – Clusters of stars. The number of constellations named in the Biblical writings is small. In view of the extensive astronomical attainments of the Assyro-Babylonians, it is safe to predicate of the Hebrews larger knowledge of the...
CONSTITUTION – See Government.

CONIGLIANI, CARLO – Italian jurist and political economist; born at Modena June 25, 1868; died there Dec. 6, 1901. After studying law at Modena, receiving the degree of doctor of laws in 1889, he was sent by the government to Padua and London for...

CONITZ – See Konitz.

CONJUNCTIVE – See Accents in Hebrew.

CONNECTICUT – One of the six New England States, and one of the thirteen original states of theUnion. The first mention of a Jew in Connecticut is apparently that of a certain "David the Jew" in the Colonial Records, under date of Nov. 9,...

CONQUE, ABRAHAM BEN LEVI – Cabalist; lived at Hebron, Palestine, in the second half of the seventeenth century. Swayed by his cabalistic studies, Conque threw himself into the Shabbethaian movement, and became one of the most earnest apostles of the...

CONQUE, JOSEPH – Nephew of Abraham ben Levi Conque; lived in Hebron, Palestine, during the seventeenth century. He was the teacher of Isaac b. Judah Rapoport. Some of his novellæ and responsa are cited in Ḥayyim Abulafia's various...

CONRAD (CUNTZE) OF WINTERTHUR – Burgomaster of Strasburg during the Black Death, in 1348. Together with the councilors Goffe Sturm (Schöppe) and Peter Schwarber, he opposed the mob which, believing the Jews had caused the Black Death by poisoning the wells and...

CONRAT, MASE – Professor and writer on Roman law; born in Breslau Sept. 16, 1848. His original name was Cohn, which he exchanged for Conrat in 1882, when he embraced the Christian faith. Conrat attended the gymnasium of St. Maria Magdalena in...

CONSANGUINITY AMONG JEWS – Owing to their dispersion among populations professing creed different from their own, Jews have married ear relatives more frequently than the rest of the world. The marriage of first cousins and even of uncle and niece is...

CONSECRATION – The solemn setting apart of a person or thing to a special use or purpose. According to Fleischer (Levy, "Neuhebr. Wörterb." ii. 206), the word "ḥanak" (to initiate) is derived from the "rubbing of the throat" of an infant for...

CONSENT – A voluntary yielding of the will, judgment, or inclination to what is proposed or desired by another. A rational and voluntary concurrence of the parties is necessary in all cases involving a legal act or contract. This...

CONSISTORY – An ecclesiastical court; in Jewish usage, a body governing the Jewish congregations of a province or of a country; also the district administered by the consistory. The term was originally, and still is, applied in the Roman...

CONSOLATION – Biblical Data: Comfort; alleviation of sorrow ( ); relief from grief (from , meaning in pi'el form "to remove grief"); words of sympathy and encouragement offered to persons in distress (Gen. xxxvii. 35; II Sam. xii. 24; Job...

CONSOLO, BENJAMIN – Italian Hebraist; born at Ancona in 1806; died at Florence in 1887. He received his elementary instruction from Rabbi David A. Vivanti at the Talmud Torah of his native city, and then took up eagerly the study of secular...

CONSOLO, FEDERICO – Italian violin virtuoso, composer, and scholar; born at Ancona in 1841. After studying the violin with Giorgetti in Florence and Vieuxtemps in Brussels, and composition with Fétis and Liszt, he played with great success at...

CONSONANTS – See Hebrew Language.

CONSTANCE, DISTRICT OF THE LAKE OF – Region in the northeastern part of Switzerland. Of the Jewish communities designated as belonging to the district of the Lake of Constance, those of Ueberlingen, Constance, Schaffhausen, and Diessenhofen deserve special mention,...

CONSTANTINE I. (FLAVIUS VALERIUS AURELIUS CONSTANTINUS) – Roman emperor; born Feb. 27, 274; died May 22, 337; proclaimed emperor by the army in Gaul on the death of his father, Constantius Chlorus (306). He defeated Maxentius, his rival in Italy, in 312; and after routing Licinius,...

CONSTANTINE – City in Algeria; capital of the department of the same name. In ancient times it was the capital of Numidia. Jews lived there as early as the first centuries of the common era, as is attested by epitaphs found in several places...

CONSTANTINIS, ABRAHAM – Greek manufacturer, and president ("proëdros") of the Jewish community of Athens, Greece. He was born at Zante in 1865. After receiving an elementary education in his native city, he studied at Paris, where he took the degree of...

CONSTANTINOPLE – Capital of the Ottoman empire, situated on the Bosporus; the "Byzantium" of the ancients. The earliest official document hitherto discovered relating to the Jews of Constantinople dates from 390. A decree of that year (Feb. 23)...

CONSTANTINOV, VOLHYNIA – See Staro-Konstantinov.

CONSTANZA – Rumanian town in the province of Dobrudja. During the Russo-Turkish campaign of 1828 some Jewish purveyors came with the Russian army to Constanza, and, settling in the place, formed the nucleus, of a small community. A separate...

CONSTELLATIONS – Clusters of stars. The number of constellations named in the Biblical writings is small. In view of the extensive astronomical attainments of the Assyro-Babylonians, it is safe to predicate of the Hebrews larger knowledge of the...

CONSTITUTION – See Government.