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ECCLESIASTES, BOOK OF – Name and Authorship. The name "Ecclesiastes"—literally, "Member of an Assembly," often thought to mean (after Jerome) "Preacher"—is the Septuagint rendering of the Hebrew "Ḳohelet," apparently as an intensive formation from the...
ECCLESIASTICUS – See Sirach.
ECHO DES JUDENTHUMS – See Periodicals.
ECIJA – Spanish city in the province of Seville. A charge of ritual murder occurred in the time of the "great king" Alfonso (Alfonso X., or Alfonso XI.). The Jew charged with the crime was imprisoned on the eve of the Passover. At the...
ECIJA, JOSEPH DE – See Benveniste, Joseph ben Ephraim Ha-Levi.
ECK, JOHANN MAIER VON – Catholic theologian; born at Eck, Bavaria, Nov. 13, 1486; died in Ingolstadt Feb. 10, 1543. One of the most active antagonists of Luther, he was an equally zealous enemy of the Jews. His work, "Verlegung eines Juden-Büchleins,...
ED – Name supplied by the English versions for the altar erected by the tribes on the east of the Jordan (Joshua xxii. 34). The name does not appear in the Masoretic text nor in the Septuagint. The Hebrew reads simply, "And the...
'EDAH ḲEDOSHAH – Two Hebrew appellations signifying respectively "holy congregation" and "sacred college"; the former being peculiar to the Palestinian sources, while the latter is used exclusively in the Babylonian Talmud. They designate a...
EDDINUS – One of the three "holy singers . . . , the sons of Asaph" (I Esd. i. 15), at Josiah's Passover. He alone belonged to the royal suite. The name is a Greek equivalent of "Jeduthun." See the parallel passage—II Chron. xxxv. 15.E....
EDEL, JUDAH LÖW BEN MOSES HA-LEVI – Russian preacher; born at Zamoscz, government of Lublin, Poland; died at Slonim 1827. He was a pupil of Elijah Wilna, and, besides possessing great homiletic talent, was a Hebraist and a Talmudic scholar. He wrote: "Safah...
EDELMANN (ḤEN-ṬOB), HIRSCH – Author and editor; born in Swislocz, Russia, 1805; died at Berlin, Nov. 20, 1858. He was the son of a rabbinical scholar, and received a good Talmudical education, which he later supplemented by acquainting himself thoroughly...
EDELMANN, SIMḤAH REUBEN – Russian grammarian and commentator; born in Wilna Jan., 1821; died in Warsaw Dec., 1892. He received a good Talmudical education at home and later at the yeshibah of Volozhin. He lived in Rossein for about thirty years, mainly...
EDELS, SAMUEL ELIEZER BEN JUDAH – Polish rabbi; born in Posen, 1555; died at Ostrog Nov. 30, 1631. He was a son-in-law of Rabbi Moses Ashkenazi, author of "Zikron Mosheh." Samuel bears the name of his mother-in-law, Edel. In 1585 his wife's parents founded for...
EDEN, GARDEN OF – Biblical Data: Name given to the "earthly paradise" occupied by Adam and Eve before their fall through sin. The word "Eden," perhaps an Assyrian loan-word, is of the same root as the Assyrian "edinu," synonymous with "ṣeru" (=...
EDER, EDAR – 1. A place near Ephrath, i.e., Bethlehem. Jacob, while journeying from Bethlehem to Hebron, encamped "beyond the tower of Eder" ("Migdal-'eder," Gen. xxxv. 21). The name "Migdal-'eder," signifying "tower of the flock," was...
EDERSHEIM, ALFRED – Christian theologian and missionary to the Jews; born at Vienna, of Jewish parents, March 7, 1825; died at Menton March 16, 1889. He embraced Christianity in 1846, and was for some time a missionary to the Jews in Jassy,...
EDESSA – The present Urfa, a city in the vilayet of Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey. No mention of the name is found in Jewish writings, except, perhaps, in Yoma 10a ( or ; Neubauer, "G. T." p. 346; but explained by Jastrow, s.v., as Warka in...
EDINBURGH – Capital of Scotland. When the Jews began to settle in Scotland early in the nineteenth century, they appear to have been attracted in the first instance to Edinburgh. The first regular synagogue was established in 1816 with...
EDINGER, MARKUS – German deputy; born at Worms Jan. 14, 1808; died at Mannheim Feb. 9, 1879. He was the first Jew summoned by the government to act as juror, serving at Mayence in 1847. It was he who brought about at Mayence, in spite of the...
EDOX, IDUMEA – Biblical Data. Edom is the name which was given to Esau, the first-born son of Isaac, on the day he sold his birthright to Jacob for a mess of pottage, the reddish color of which gives it its name—"Adom" (Gen. xxv. 30). The...
EDREHI, MOSES – Moroccan cabalist and teacher of modern and Oriental languages of the earlier part of the nineteenth century; born in Morocco; resided in Amsterdam and in England. He was the author of: "Yad Mosheh," sermons for the festivals,...
EDREI – Ancient city in the Jordan valley, at present Der'at, southeast of Muzerib. The city is apparently mentioned as "Otara" in Egyptian inscriptions. In the Old Testament Ashtaroth and Edrei are referred to as the capital cities of...
EDRIS – See Enoch in Arabic Literature.
EDUCATION – Biblical and Pre-Talmudical Data: The moral and religious training of the people from childhood up was regarded by the Jews from the very beginning of their history as one of the principal objects of life. Of Abraham the Lord...
EDUCATIONAL ALLIANCE – See New York.

ECCLESIASTES, BOOK OF – Name and Authorship. The name "Ecclesiastes"—literally, "Member of an Assembly," often thought to mean (after Jerome) "Preacher"—is the Septuagint rendering of the Hebrew "Ḳohelet," apparently as an intensive formation from the...

ECCLESIASTICUS – See Sirach.

ECHO DES JUDENTHUMS – See Periodicals.

ECIJA – Spanish city in the province of Seville. A charge of ritual murder occurred in the time of the "great king" Alfonso (Alfonso X., or Alfonso XI.). The Jew charged with the crime was imprisoned on the eve of the Passover. At the...

ECIJA, JOSEPH DE – See Benveniste, Joseph ben Ephraim Ha-Levi.

ECK, JOHANN MAIER VON – Catholic theologian; born at Eck, Bavaria, Nov. 13, 1486; died in Ingolstadt Feb. 10, 1543. One of the most active antagonists of Luther, he was an equally zealous enemy of the Jews. His work, "Verlegung eines Juden-Büchleins,...

ED – Name supplied by the English versions for the altar erected by the tribes on the east of the Jordan (Joshua xxii. 34). The name does not appear in the Masoretic text nor in the Septuagint. The Hebrew reads simply, "And the...

'EDAH ḲEDOSHAH – Two Hebrew appellations signifying respectively "holy congregation" and "sacred college"; the former being peculiar to the Palestinian sources, while the latter is used exclusively in the Babylonian Talmud. They designate a...

EDDINUS – One of the three "holy singers . . . , the sons of Asaph" (I Esd. i. 15), at Josiah's Passover. He alone belonged to the royal suite. The name is a Greek equivalent of "Jeduthun." See the parallel passage—II Chron. xxxv. 15.E....

EDEL, JUDAH LÖW BEN MOSES HA-LEVI – Russian preacher; born at Zamoscz, government of Lublin, Poland; died at Slonim 1827. He was a pupil of Elijah Wilna, and, besides possessing great homiletic talent, was a Hebraist and a Talmudic scholar. He wrote: "Safah...

EDELMANN (ḤEN-ṬOB), HIRSCH – Author and editor; born in Swislocz, Russia, 1805; died at Berlin, Nov. 20, 1858. He was the son of a rabbinical scholar, and received a good Talmudical education, which he later supplemented by acquainting himself thoroughly...

EDELMANN, SIMḤAH REUBEN – Russian grammarian and commentator; born in Wilna Jan., 1821; died in Warsaw Dec., 1892. He received a good Talmudical education at home and later at the yeshibah of Volozhin. He lived in Rossein for about thirty years, mainly...

EDELS, SAMUEL ELIEZER BEN JUDAH – Polish rabbi; born in Posen, 1555; died at Ostrog Nov. 30, 1631. He was a son-in-law of Rabbi Moses Ashkenazi, author of "Zikron Mosheh." Samuel bears the name of his mother-in-law, Edel. In 1585 his wife's parents founded for...

EDEN, GARDEN OF – Biblical Data: Name given to the "earthly paradise" occupied by Adam and Eve before their fall through sin. The word "Eden," perhaps an Assyrian loan-word, is of the same root as the Assyrian "edinu," synonymous with "ṣeru" (=...

EDER, EDAR – 1. A place near Ephrath, i.e., Bethlehem. Jacob, while journeying from Bethlehem to Hebron, encamped "beyond the tower of Eder" ("Migdal-'eder," Gen. xxxv. 21). The name "Migdal-'eder," signifying "tower of the flock," was...

EDERSHEIM, ALFRED – Christian theologian and missionary to the Jews; born at Vienna, of Jewish parents, March 7, 1825; died at Menton March 16, 1889. He embraced Christianity in 1846, and was for some time a missionary to the Jews in Jassy,...

EDESSA – The present Urfa, a city in the vilayet of Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey. No mention of the name is found in Jewish writings, except, perhaps, in Yoma 10a ( or ; Neubauer, "G. T." p. 346; but explained by Jastrow, s.v., as Warka in...

EDINBURGH – Capital of Scotland. When the Jews began to settle in Scotland early in the nineteenth century, they appear to have been attracted in the first instance to Edinburgh. The first regular synagogue was established in 1816 with...

EDINGER, MARKUS – German deputy; born at Worms Jan. 14, 1808; died at Mannheim Feb. 9, 1879. He was the first Jew summoned by the government to act as juror, serving at Mayence in 1847. It was he who brought about at Mayence, in spite of the...

EDOX, IDUMEA – Biblical Data. Edom is the name which was given to Esau, the first-born son of Isaac, on the day he sold his birthright to Jacob for a mess of pottage, the reddish color of which gives it its name—"Adom" (Gen. xxv. 30). The...

EDREHI, MOSES – Moroccan cabalist and teacher of modern and Oriental languages of the earlier part of the nineteenth century; born in Morocco; resided in Amsterdam and in England. He was the author of: "Yad Mosheh," sermons for the festivals,...

EDREI – Ancient city in the Jordan valley, at present Der'at, southeast of Muzerib. The city is apparently mentioned as "Otara" in Egyptian inscriptions. In the Old Testament Ashtaroth and Edrei are referred to as the capital cities of...

EDRIS – See Enoch in Arabic Literature.

EDUCATION – Biblical and Pre-Talmudical Data: The moral and religious training of the people from childhood up was regarded by the Jews from the very beginning of their history as one of the principal objects of life. Of Abraham the Lord...

EDUCATIONAL ALLIANCE – See New York.