TYPOGRAPHY:

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By: Joseph Jacobs, M. Franco

The art of printing. The invention of printing was welcomed by the Jews as "the art of writing with many pens." From the time of the earlier printers reference is made to their craft as "holy work" ("'Abodat ha-Ḳodesh"). It may here be treated under the two headings of history and characteristics.

I. History:

The history of Hebrew printing is divided into five stages, of which only a sketch can be attempted in this place, many of the details being already treated under the names of prominent printers or presses. The five stages of Hebrew typography are as follows: I., 1475-1500, incunabula in southern Europe; II., 1500-42, spread to north and east; III., 1542-1627, supremacy of Venice; IV., 1627-1732, hegemony of Amsterdam; V., 1732-1900, modern period, in which Frankfort, Vienna, and, more recently, Wilna and Warsaw have come to the front. For the most part Hebrew printing has been done by Jews, but the printing of Bibles has been undertaken also by Christian typographers, especially at the university towns of Europe. These productions, for lack of space, are for the most part to be neglected in the following sketch.

Incunabula.

• I. (1475-1500): It was twenty years before the Jews made use of the art for Hebrew printing, as the conditions in Germany did not admit of their doing so there; and all the Hebrew printing of the fifteenth century was done in the Italian and Iberian peninsulas, where about 100 works were produced before 1500. Hebrew printing began in Italy; and apart from Reggio di Calabria, where the first printed book was produced in 1475, and Rome, where possibly the earliest Hebrew press was set up, printing was centered about Mantua, where it began in 1477. In the same year Ferrara and Bologna started printing. The chief printer family of Italy was that of the Soncinos, which besides working at Mantua printed at Casale-Maggiore, Soncino, Brescia, Naples, and Barca. Bible, Talmud, and ritual, halakic, and ethical works naturally formed the chief subjects of printing in these early days. In Spain, Hebrew printing began at Guadalajara in 1482, went three years later to Ixar, and finished at Zamora, while in Portugal it began at Faro in 1487, went to Lisbon in 1489, and finished at Leiria in 1792. The total number of books printed in Spain and Portugal amounted to only 17. The early types were rough in form; but the presswork for the most part was excellent, and the ink and paper were of very enduring quality. Owing to the work of the censor and the persecution of the Jews, the early productions of the Hebrew presses of Italy and the Iberian Peninsula are extremely rare, one-fifth of them being unique (for further particulars see Incunabula).

Second Period. From the Tractate Baba Meẓi'a, Soncino, 1515.

• II. (1500-42): This period is distinguished by the spread of Jewish presses to the Turkish and Holy Roman empires. In Constantinople, Hebrew printing was introduced by David Naḥmias and his son Samuel about 1503; and they were joined in the year 1530 by Gershon Soncino, whose work was taken up after his death by his son Eleazar (see Constantinople—Typography). Gershon Soncino put into type the first Karaite work printed (Bashyaẓi's "Adderet Eliyahu.") in 1531. In Salonica, Don Judah Gedaliah printed about 30 Hebrew works from 1500 onward, mainly Bibles, and Gershon Soncino, the Wandering Jew of early Hebrew typography, joined his kinsman Moses Soncino, who had already produced 3 works there (1526-27); Gershon printed the Aragon Maḥzor (1529) and Ḳimḥi's "Shorashim" (1533). The prints of both these Turkish citieswere not of a very high order. The works selected, however, were important for their rarity and literary character. The type of Salonica imitates the Spanish Rashi type.Turning to Germany, the first Jewish press was set up in Prague by Gershon ben Solomon Cohen, who founded in that city a family of Hebrew printers, known commonly as "the Gersonides." He began printing in 1513 with a prayer-book, and during the period under review confined himself almost exclusively to this class of publications, with which he supplied Jewish Germany and Poland. He was joined about 1518 by Ḥayyim ben David Schwartz, who played in northern Europe the same wandering rôle the Soncinos assumed in the south. From 1514 to 1526 he worked at Prague, but in 1530 he was found at Oels in Silesia, printing a Pentateuch with the Megillot and Hafṭarot. He transferred his activity to the southwest at Augsburg, where in 1533 he published Rashi on the Pentateuch and Megillot, the next year a Haggadah, in 1536 a letter-writer and German prayer-book, and in 1540 an edition of the Ṭurim, followed by rimed Judæo-German versions of Kings (1543) and Samuel (1544). In 1544 he moved to Ichenhausen, between Augsburg and Ulm, and finally settled in 1546 at Heddernheim, where he published a few works. At Augsburg, 1544, the convert Paulus Emilius printed a Judæo-German Pentateuch. Three works of this period are known to have been printed at Cracow, the first of them, in 1534, a commentary of Israel Isserlein on "Sha'are Durah" with elaborately decorated title-page.V12p296001.jpgFrom Tractate 'Erubin, Printed by Bomberg, Venice, 1521.Other towns of Germany also printed Hebrew works during this period, but they were mainly portions of the Biblical books, mostly editions of the Psalms, produced by Christian printers for Christian professors, as at Cologne (1518), Wittenberg (1521 onward), Mayence (1523), Worms (1529), and Leipsic (1538). To these should be added Thomas Anshelm's edition of the Psalms at Tübingen in 1512. It was followed by his edition of Ḳimḥi's grammar at Hagenau, 1519. With these may be mentioned the Paris printers of the sixteenth century (from 1508 onward), who produced grammars and Bibles (see Paris).V12p296002.jpgFrom the First Illustrated Printed Haggadah, Prague, 1526.

Daniel Bomberg. Specimens of Small Format.

Returning to the earlier home of Hebrew printing, a considerable number of towns in Italy had Hebrew presses early in the sixteenth century, mainly through the activity of Gershon Soncino, who is found in Fano (1515), Pesaro (1517), Ortona (1519), and Rimini (1521); other presses were temporarily worked in Trino, Genoa, and Rome, the last under Elijah Levita. In Bologna nine works were produced between 1537 and 1541, mainly prayer-books and responsa. Above all, this period is distinguished in Italy by the foundation and continuance of the Venetian press under the guidance of Daniel Bomberg, a Dutchman from Antwerp. His thirty-five years' activity from 1515 to 1549 was in a measure epoch-making for Hebrew typography. His productions shared in all the excellence of the Venice press, and included the first rabbinic Bible in 1517, the first complete edition of the Babylonian Talmud in 1520 (its pagination is followed at the present day), a large number of editions of the Bible in whole or part, several grammatical, lexicographic, and midrashic works, seven commentaries on the Pentateuch, six responsa collections, philosophical and ethical writings, and several rituals, including a Tefillah and a Maḥzor according to the Spanish rite, one according to the Greek rite (Maḥzor Romania), and a Karaite one. Finally, reference should be made to the university press of Basel, where the Frobens produced Hebrew works in a remarkably clear type, with the letters slanting to the left, somewhat after the manner of the early Mantua editions. Froben began in 1516 with an edition of the Psalms, and produced many of the works of Elijah Levita and Sebastian Münster. Altogether Schwab (in "Incunables Orientaux," pp. 49-128) enumerates about 430 works produced between 1500 and 1540. Allowing for omissions by him, not more than 600 works were produced between 1475 and 1540.

From the "Wikkuaḥ" Printed by Sebastian Münster, Basel, 1539.

• III. (1542-1627): The third period is distinguished by the activity of the censor, which lasted for two centuries or more in southern and eastern Europe. The principle of regulating the books to be read by the faithful, and even by the unfaithful, was inaugurated by the Roman Curia in 1542, though the first carrying out of it was with the burning of the Talmud in 1554. But even previous to that date Jews had taken precautions to remove all cause of offense. About 1542 Meïr Katzenellenbogen censored the seliḥot of the German rite, and Schwartz adopted his changes in the edition which he published at Heddernheim in 1546.

Third Period. Supremacy of Venice. From Pentateuch, Sabbionetta, 1557.

Resuming the history of the Italian presses, that of Venice first engages attention. Bomberg was not allowed to have a monopoly of Hebrew printing, which had been found to be exceptionally profitable. Other Christians came into the field, especially Marco Antonio Giustiniani, who produced twenty-five works between 1545 and 1552. Another competitor arose in the person of Aloisio Bragadini, who began printing in 1550. In the competition both parties appealed to Rome; and their disputes brought about the burning of the Talmud in 1554 at Ferrara, and the strict enforcement of the censorship, even in Venice, the presses of which stopped printing Hebrew books for eight years. Similar competition appears to have taken place with regard to the Hebrew typesetters whom these Christian printers were obliged to employ. Cornelius Adelkind and his son, German Jews of Padua, first worked with Bomberg, and then were taken over by Farri (1544), and they appear to have also worked for both Bragadini and Giustiniani. There was a whole body of learned press-revisers. Among them should be mentioned Jacob b. Ḥayyim,the editor of the rabbinic Bible, and Meïr Katzenellenbogen, who helped to edit Maimonides' "Yad" (1550). When Venice ceased for a time to issue Hebrew books, printing was taken up in Ferrara (1551-1557) by Abraham Usque, who printed the "Consolaçam" of his brother Samuel Usque (1553). In Sabbionetta (1551-59) Tobias Foa printed about twenty works, among them a very correct edition of the Targum on the Pentateuch, employing the ubiquitous Adelkind to print a fine edition of the "Moreh" and an edition of the Talmud in parts, only one of which is extant. The Sabbionetta types are said to have gone back to Venice when the Bragadinis resumed work. In Cremona a Hebrew press was set up in 1556 by Vincentio Conti, who issued altogether forty-two works up to 1560, including the first edition of the Zohar, 2,000 copies of which were saved with difficulty from the fires of the Inquisition. His first edition of Menahem Zioni's commentary was not so fortunate; notwithstanding that it had received the license of the censor, it was burnt. About thirty-three works were produced during this period at Riva di Trento by Joseph Ottolenghi under the auspices of Cardinal Madruz, whose titular hat appears upon the title-pages of the volumes.

Reverting to Venice, printing was resumed in 1564 by Giovanni de Gara, who took up the work of Bomberg, and between 1564 and 1569 produced more than 100 different works, making use of Christian as well as Jewish typesetters, among the latter being Leon of Modena in the years 1595-1601. Besides Gara there were Grippo, Georgio de Cavalli, and the Zanetti family, but none of them could compete with the activity of the Bragadinis, which was resumed about the same time. They made use of Samuel Archevolti and Leon of Modena among their typesetters. It is worthy of mention that several important works appeared at Venice from printing establishments which can not be identified, including the editio princeps of the Shulḥan 'Aruk (1565). A few works were printed at Rome (1546-81) by Antonio Bladao and Francesco Zanetti, and a couple of works in Verona by Francesco delle Donne.

From a Seliḥah, Heddernheim, 1546.From the Hutter Bible, Hamburg, 1587, Showing Hollow Servile Letters.

The greatest activity in Italy outside Venice was that carried on at Mantua by the Rufenellis, who employed Joseph Ashkenazi and Meïr Sofer, both from Padua, as their chief typesetters. Their activity was followed by that of Ephraim b. David of Padua and Moses b. Katriel of Prague, both working in the last decade of the sixteenth century, the latter for the publishers Norzi brothers. AltogetherZunz enumerates seventy-three works produced at Mantua during the third period, including a "Sefer Yeẓirah," "Tanḥuma," Aboab's "Menorat ha-Ma'or," and an edition of Abot in Italian.

Froben and Waldkirch.

During this period the Hebrew press of Basel received new light in the advent from Italy of Israel b. Daniel Sifroni, one of those wandering master workmen who, like Soncino and Schwartz, characterized the early history of Hebrew printing. Through his workmanship a number of important works were produced by Froben of Basel between 1578 and 1584, including a Babylonian Talmud, Isaac Nathan's Concordance, and the "'Ir Gibborim," whose publisher in Prague, finding that he could not have printing done as well there as by Sifroni, sent it to the latter in Basel. In the year 1583-84 Sifroni was working for Froben at Freiburg-im-Breisgau, where he printed several Judæo-German works, including the Five Megillot with glossary in red ink; he printed also an edition of Benjamin of Tudela's "Travels." Froben's success, like that of Bomberg, induced other Christian printers to join in competition, as Guarin (for whom Sifroni also worked), Beber, and especially Conrad Waldkirch, who from 1598 on published a Great Tefillah, an 'Aruk, an Alfasi in octavo, and "Synagogue Music and Songs" by Elijah b. Moses Loans, who was for a time Waldkirch's corrector for the press. Mordecai b. Jacob of Prossnitz, who, as shown below, had had a large printing experience in the east of Europe, also assisted Waldkirch in 1622. After his departure the Basel Hebrew prints became scarcer, and were confined mainly to the productions of the Buxtorfs, while only sporadic Hebrew works were produced at Altdorf, Bern, and Zurich (where, however, one of the finest specimens of Hebrew printing had been produced in the Judæo-German "Yosippon" of 1546). Reference may be here made to prints of Paulus Fagius at Constance in 1643-44, mainly with Judæo-German or Latin translations. Altogether the total number of Hebrew works produced in Switzerland was not more than fifty.

The history of the Hebrew press in Denmark deserves treatment in fuller detail, as it has been recently investigated by Simonsen. In 1598 Heinrich Waldkirch imported some inferior Hebrew type to Copenhagen from Wittenberg; but nothing of importance was printed during the following three decades. In 1631 Solomon Sartor published some excerpts from the Bible; and in 1663 Henrik Göde printed similar extracts. In 1734 Marius Fogh (who later became city magistrate of Odense) published an edition of Isaac Abravanel's commentary on Gen. xlix. This work, which bore the imprint of the Copenhagen publishing-house of I. C. Rothe, was for sale as late as 1893. Christian Nold's concordance of the Bible appeared in 1679 from the press of Corfitz Luft in Copenhagen, and the solid quarto volume, containing 1,210 pages, gives evidence of the author's diligence, as well as of the printer's skill and care. A Lutheran pastor, Lauritz Petersen, in Nyköbing on the island of Falster, published in 1640 a new Hebrew versification of the Song of Solomon, intended as a wedding-present for the son of King Christian IV. and his bride Magdalena Sibylla. This work, which was entitled "Canticum Canticorum Salomonis," consisted of Hebrew verse with Danish translation, and with various melodies added; it was printed by Melchior Martzau. Samuel ben Isaac of Schwerin published in 1787 some Talmudic annotations entitled "Minḥat Shemu'el," printed by the Copenhagen firm of Thiele, but showing evidence of lack of skill.

From a Commentary on Song of Songs, Safed, 1578.Fagius and Hene. From a Commentary on Pirḳe Abot, Cracow, 1589.

To revert to Switzerland, Fagius printed a number of Biblical, grammatical, and polemical works at Isny, with the help of Elijah Levita, who produced there the "Tishbi," "Meturgeman," and "Baḥur," besides a German translation of the "Sefer ha-Middot" in 1542, which is now very rare. Another Christian printer who is mentioned throughout this period is Hans Jacob Hene, who produced about thirty Jewish works in Hebrew at Hanau (1610-30). He cateredmore to the students of the Talmud and Halakah, producing three responsa collections, three commentaries on the Talmud, the Ṭur and Shulḥan 'Aruk, and three somewhat similar codes, as well as a number of Judæo-German folk editions like the "Zuchtspiegel" or the "Brandspiegel" (1626), and the "Weiberbuch" of Benjamin Aaron Solnik. Among his typesetters were a couple of the Ulmas, of the Günzburg family, and Mordecai b. Jacob Prossnitz, who has already been mentioned. Hene's type is distinguished by its clearness, and by the peculiar form of the "shin" in the so-called "Weiberdeutsch." Other isolated appearances of Hebrew works at Tannhausen (1594), Thiengen (1660), and Hergerswiese did not add much to German Jewish typography in this period.

Meantime, in eastern Europe, the Gersonides continued their activity at Prague, especially in the printing of ritual works; but they suffered from the competition of the Bak family, who introduced from Italy certain improvements from the year 1605 onward. Among the typesetters at Prague in this period was the Jewess Gütel (daughter of Löb Setzer), who set up a work in 1627. At Prague almost for the first time is found the practise of rabbis issuing their responsa from the local presses. The decoration employed by the Prague press of this period was often somewhat elaborate. Besides the illustrated Haggadah of 1526, the title-page of the Ṭur of 1540 is quite elaborate and includes the arms of Prague.

Cracow and Lublin.

In Cracow Isaac ben Aaron of Prossnitz revived the Hebrew press in 1569, and produced a number of Talmudic and cabalistic works from that time to his death in 1614, when his sons succeeded to his business. He was assisted by Samuel Bohn, who brought from Venice the Italian methods and titlepage designs, which were used up to about 1580. He produced, besides the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds, two editions of the Midrash Rabbot, the "Yalḳuṭ Shim'oni" (1596), and several works of Moses Isserles and Solomon Luria, besides the "Yuḥasin," "Shalshelet ha-Ḳabbalah," and "Yosippon." Isaac b. Aaron for a time ran a press in his native city of Prossnitz, where from 1602 to 1605 he published four works.

Lublin competed with Cracow for the eastern trade from 1556 onward, when an edition of the tractate Shebu'ot appeared in the former city. Its printers were mainly of the Jaffe family; Kalonymus Abraham (1562-1600) was followed by his son Ẓebi (1602 onward), who made use of the services of the above mentioned Mordecai b. Jacob of Prossnitz. The prints of the Jaffes were mainly productions of local rabbis and Judæo-German works. During the plague which ravaged Lublin in 1592 Kalonymus Jaffe moved his printing establishment to Bistrovich, whence he issued a Haggadah with Abravanel's commentary.

It should perhaps be added that at Antwerp and Leyden in this period Biblical works by Christian printers appeared, at the former place by the celebrated Christopher Plantin, who got his type from Bomberg's workshop.

Fourth Period. Hegemony of Amsterdam. From "Kehillot Ya'aḳob," Venice, 1599.

• IV. (1627-1732): This period is opened and dominated by the foundation of the press at Amsterdam, the rich and cultured Maranos of the Dutch capital devoting their wealth, commercial connections, and independent position to the material development of Hebrew literature in book form. For nearly a century after its foundation Amsterdam supplied the whole of Teutonic Europe with Hebrew books; and the term "Defus Amsterdam" was used to denote type of special excellence even though cast elsewhere, just as the term "Italic" was applied to certain type cast not only in Italy but in other countries. The first two presses were set up in the year 1627, one under Daniel de Fonseca, the other under Manasseh ben Israel, who in the following twenty years printed more than sixty works, many of them his own, with an excellent edition of the Mishnah without vowels, and, characteristically enough, a reprint of Almoli's "Pitron Ḥalomot" (1637). The work in later times was mainly done by his two sons, Ḥayyim and Samuel. Toward the latter part of Manasseh ben Israel's career as a printer an important competitor arose in the person of Immanuel Benveniste, who in the twenty years 1641-60 produced prayer-books, a Midrash Rabbah, an Alfasi, and the Shulḥan 'Aruk, mostly decorated with elaborate titles supported by columns, which became the model for all Europe. He was followed by the firm of Gumpel & Levi (1648-60). Particularinterest attaches to the name of Uri Phoebus ha-Levi, an apprentice of Benveniste's who was in business in Amsterdam on his own account from 1658 to 1689. He was the medium through which the Amsterdam methods of printing were transferred to Zolkiev between 1692 and 1695. His productions, though in the Amsterdam style, were generally of a less costly and elegant nature, and he appears to have printed prayer-books, Maḥzors, calendars, and Judæo-German works for the popular market. Just as Uri Phoebus worked for the German Jews, so Athias contemporaneously published ritual works for the Spanish Jews, who demanded usually a much higher grade of printing, paper, and binding than did their poorer German coreligionists (1660-83). Athias' editions of the Bible, and especially of the Pentateuch, for which he had Leusden's help, are especially fine; and the edition of Maimonides' "Yad" which his son and successor, Immanuel, published in 1703, is a noteworthy piece of printing. A third member of the Athias family printed in Amsterdam as late as 1739-40.The Sephardic community of Amsterdam had also the services of Abraham de Castro Tartas (1663-95), who had learned his business under the Ben Israels. He printed, chiefly, works in Spanish and Portuguese, and in the decoration of his titles was fond of using scenes from the life of David. A number of Poles who fled to Amsterdam from the Cossack uprisings in 1648-56 were employed by Christian printers of that city, as Albertus Magnus, Christoph von Ganghel, the Steen brothers, and Bostius, the last-named of whom produced the great Mishnah of Surenhusius (1698-1703). A most curious phenomenon is presented by Moses ben Abraham, a Christian of Nikolsburg, who was converted to Judaism, and who printed several works between 1690 and 1694. Abraham, the son of another proselyte named Jacob, was an engraver who helped to decorate the Passover Haggadah of 1695, printed by Kosman Emrich, who produced several important works between 1692 and 1714.

From a Passover Haggadah, Amsterdam, 1695.The Proopses. Page from the "Miḳra'ot Gedolot," Amsterdam, 1724.

Less important presses at the beginning of this period were erected in Amsterdam by Moses Coutinho, Isaac de Cordova, Moses Dias, and the firm of Soto & Brando. Members of the Maarssen family are also to be reckoned among the more productive Hebrew printers of Amsterdam. Jacob, Joseph, David, and Mahrim Maarssen produced many works between 1695 and 1740, among them reproductions of cursive writing. The last-named settled later at Frankfort-on-the-Main. By this time the Hebrew press at Amsterdam had become entirely dominated by mercantile considerations, and was represented by the publishing- and printing-houses of Solomon ben Joseph Proops, whose printed catalogue "Appiryon Shelomoh," 1730 (the first known of its kind), shows works published by him to be mainly rituals and a few responsa, two editions of the "'En Ya'aḳob," the "Ḥobot ha-Lebabot," and the "Menorat ha-Ṃa'or," two editions of the Zohar (1715), and the Judæo-German "Ma'asehbuch." Proops was evidently adapting himself to the popular taste from 1697 onward. The house established by him continued to exist down to the middle of the nineteenth century, Joseph and Jacob and Abraham being members thereof from 1734 until about 1780. They were followed by Solomon ben Abraham Proops in 1799, while a David ben Jacob Proops, the last of the family, died in 1849, and his widow sold the business to I. Levisson.

Mention should be made here of the two Ashkenazic Dayyanim of Amsterdam, who added printing to their juridical accomplishments, Joseph Dayyan from 1719 to 1737, and Moses Frankfurter from 1720 to 1743; the latter produced between the years 1724 and 1728 the best-known edition of the rabbinic Bible. The only other Amsterdam printer whom it is necessary to mention is Solomon London (c. 1721), on account of his later connection with Frankfort-on-the-Main.

Resuming the history of the Prague press during this period, the Bak family continued its activity, especially in printing a number of Judæo-German works, mostly without supplying the place or the date of publication. Many local folk-songs in German now exist only in these productions. One of the productions of this firm, a Maḥzor, the first volume of which appeared in Prague in 1679, was finished in Wekelsdorf by the production of the second volume in 1680.

From a Pentateuch, Amsterdam, 1726.

Another offshoot of the Prague press was that of Wilhermsdorf, which was founded in 1669 in order to take advantage of the paper-mills erected there by Count von Hohenlohe. The first printer there was Isaac Cohen, one of the Gersonides who printed two works there in poor style in 1691. He was followed in 1712 by Israel ben Meïr of Prague, who sold out to Hirsch ben Ḥayyim of Fürth. Among the 150 productions of these presses may be mentioned a list of post-offices, markets, and fairs compiled by the printer Hirsch ben Ḥayyim and printed in 1724.

In Prague itself the Baks found a serious competitor in Moses Cohen Ẓedeḳ, founder of the Katz family of typographers; this competition lasted for nearly a century, the two houses combining in 1784 as the firm of Bak & Katz.

Cracow during this period is distinguished by the new press of Menahem (Nahum) Meisels, which continued for about forty years from 1631 onward, producing a considerable number of Talmudic and cabalistic works, including such productions of the local rabbis, as the "Ḥiddushe Agadot" of Samuel Edels; this was put up in type by Judah Cohen of Prague, and corrected by Isaac of Brisk. The year 1648, so fatal to the Jews of Slavonic lands, was epoch-making for both Cracow and Lublin. At the latter place a few works appeared from 1665 onward, mainly from the press of Samuel Kalmanka (1673-83) of the Jaffe family.

From Bacharach's "Ḥawwot Yaïr," Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1699.Germany.

This period is especially distinguished by the rise of the Jewish Hebrew press in Germany, chiefly in five centers: (1) Frankfort-on-the-Main, (2) Sulzbach, (3) Dessau, (4) Hamburg, and (5) Dyhernfurth. For various reasons presses were erected also in the vicinity of each of these centers. In Frankfort-on-the-Main the municipal law prohibited any Jew from erecting a printing-press, so that, notwithstanding its large and wealthy Jewish population, the earliest Hebrew productions of this city came from Christian printers, especially Christian Wüst, who produced a Bible in 1677, and an edition of the "Ḥawwot Yaïr" in 1699. Then came the press of Blasius Ilsner, who began printing Hebrew in 1682, and produced the "Kuhbuch" of Moses Wallich in 1687, in which year he produced also part of a German Pentateuch as well as a standard edition of the Yalḳut. This last was published by the bookseller Seligmann Reis. Besides other Christian printers like Andreas and Nicholas Weinmann, Johann Koelner produced a number of Hebrew works during the twenty years 1708-27, including the continuation of an edition of the Talmud begun at Amsterdam and finished at Frankfort-on-the-Main (1720-23); it is probable thatthe type was brought from Amsterdam. An attempt of Koelner to produce 1,700 copies of an Al-fasi by means of a lottery failed, though an edition was produced in Amsterdam four years later. Many of the typesetters of Amsterdam and Frankfort about this period frequently alternated their residence and activity between the two cities. In 1727 few Hebrew books were produced at Frankfort-on-the-Main. In connection with the Frankfort book market a number of presses in the neighborhood turned out Hebrew books, in Hanau as early as 1674. The book entitled "Tam we-Yashar" was printed there, with Frankfort as its place of publication. From 1708 onward Bashuysen produced a series of books, including Abravanel on the Pentateuch (1710), which was issued by Reis of Frankfort. Among his workmen were David Baer of Zolkiev, who had worked at Amsterdam, and Menahem Maneli of Wilmersdorf. Bashuysen sold his rights to Bousang (1713), who continued producing Hebrew works till 1725.

Homburg was also one of the feeding-presses for Frankfort, from 1711 to 1750. Its press was possessed from 1737 on by Aaron of Dessau, an inhabitant of the Frankfort Judengasse, who produced among other works two editions of the "Ḥiddushim" of Maharam Schiff (1745). Seligmann Reis, who had learned printing in Amsterdam, started another press in Offenbach (1714-20), mostly for Judæo-German pamphlets, including a few romances like the "Artus Hoof," "Floris and Blanchefleur," and "The Seven Wise Masters." In opposition to Reis was Israel Moses, working under the Christian printer De Launoy from 1719 to 1724 and for himself till as late as 1743.

Sulzbach.

The history of the Sulzbach Hebrew press is somewhat remarkable. On May 12, 1664, one Abraham Lichtenthaler received permission to found a printing-press at Sulzbach. He began to print in 1667 Knorr von Rosenroth's "Kabbala Denudata," a work which was for the Christian world the chief source of information as to the Cabala. This appears to have attracted to Sulzbach Isaac Cohen Gersonides, who produced in the year 1669 a couple of Judæo-German works, "Leb Ṭob" and "Shebeṭ Yehudah," from the press of Lichtenthaler. Nothing followed these first productions till the "Kabbala Denudata" was finished in 1684, when Knorr determined to have an edition of the Zohar printed at Sulzbach, and for that purpose had one Moses Bloch cut Hebrew letters, with which the Zohar was printed in a rather elementary fashion. This attracted attention to Sulzbach as a printing-place; and an imperfect edition of the Talmud was printed in 1694 by Bloch and his son (the latter succeeded Bloch). The competition of the Amsterdam edition of 1697-99 prevented its completion. One of the most curious productions of the Sulzbach press was a Purim parody, which was issued anonymously in 1695. Bloch was followed by Aaron Frankel, son of one of the exiles of Vienna, and founder of the Frankel-Arnstein family, having worked at the office of Bloch as early as 1685. He set up his press in 1699, his first production being a Maḥzor and part of the Talmud; and his son Meshullam carried on the press for forty years from 1724 to 1767. One hundred and fourteen productions of the Sulzbach press have been enumerated up to 1732.

Fürth and Hamburg.

Fürth also commenced in this period its remarkable activity as a producer of Hebrew works, more distinguished perhaps for quantity than quality. Beginning in 1691 just as the Wilmersdorf press gave up, Joseph Shneior established a press at Fürth, which produced about thirty works during the next eight years. Most of his typesetters had come from Prague. An opposition press was set up later (1694, 1699) by Ẓebi Hirsch ha-Levi and his son-in-law Mordecai Model. This was one of the presses which had as a typesetter a woman, Reichel, daughter of Isaac Jutels of Wilmersdorf. The former press was continued in 1712 by Samuel Bonfed, son of Joseph Shneior, together with Abraham Bing (1722-24); the firm lasted till 1730.

From a "She'elot u-Teshubot" of Eybeschütz, Carlsruhe, 1773.

Similar presses were founded at Dessau by Moses Bonem (1696), and at Köthen in 1707-18 by Israel ben Abraham, the proselyte, who had previously worked at Amsterdam, Offenbach, and Neuwied. Israel then transferred his press to Jessnitz, where he worked till about 1726, at which date he removed it to Wandsbeck, near Hamburg, staying there till 1733, when he wandered to Neuwied and back to Jessnitz (1739-44) together with his sons Abrahamand Tobias. Another proselyte, Moses ben Abraham, had printed Hebrew in Halle (1709-14).

The earliest production of the Hebrew press of Hamburg was a remarkable edition of a Hebrew Bible, set up by a Christian, Elias Hutter, and having the servile letters distinguished by hollow type, so as to bring out more clearly the radical letters. Hutter was followed by two Christians: (1) George Ravelin, who printed a Pentateuch with Targum and Hafṭarot in 1663; and (2) Thomas Rose, who from 1686 to 1715 printed several Jewish books and who was succeeded by his son Johann Rose up to 1721. In the neighboring city of Altona Samuel Poppart of Coblenz started printing in 1720, mainly ritual matters; and he was followed by Ephraim Heksher in 1732 and Aaron Cohen of Berlin in 1735.

Dyhernfurth.

Finally more to the east Shabbethai Bass established at Dyhernfurth in 1689 a printing-press especially devoted to meeting the wants of the Breslau book market, which had hitherto been dependent upon Amsterdam or Prague. For the varying history of his press, which lasted till 1713, see his biography (Jew. Encyc. ii. 583). It was sold by Shabbethai's son Joseph to his son-in-law Issachar Cohen for 5,000 thalers, who carried it on till 1729, when he died, his wife then continuing the business.

Hebrew works were early printed at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, by two Christians, Hartmann Brothers, from 1595 to 1596, who produced Bibles, and Eichhorn, who printed the "Musar Haskel" of Hai Gaon in 1597. Their work was continued in the next century by Professor Beckmann in 1681, and Michael Gottschek, who produced, at the cost of Baermann Halberstade, an edition of the Babylonian Talmud in 1698 to supply the loss of the Talmuds during the Cossack outbreaks. A second edition of this Talmud was produced by Gottschek in company with Jablonski at Berlin, who had purchased a Hebrew set of types in 1697. They began work in 1699, and produced a Pentateuch with a Rashbam in 1705, and the aforesaid Talmud in 1715-21. One of his chief typesetters was Baruch Buchbinder, who afterward printed in Prausnitz. Other Hebrew books were produced by Nathan Neumark (1720-26), in whose employ Aaron Cohen, afterward at Altona, learned to set type.

In this period a beginning of Hebrew typography was made also in the British Isles, by Samuel Clarke at Oxford about 1667, and by Thomas Ilive (1714-1718) in London, both Christian printers.

To return to the south of Europe: the Venice press was carried on by a succession of the Bragadinis: Aloisio II. (1625-28), Geralamo (1655-64), and Aloisio III. (1697-1710). Among the Jewish setters or correctors for the press employed by the Bragadinis may be mentioned Leo de Modena, Moses Zacuto, Menahem Ḥabib, Moses Ḥayyim of Jerusalem, and Solomon Altaras. The chief competitor of the Bragadinis was Vendramini, from 1631 onward; but the opposition of Amsterdam reduced the activity of the Venetian press toward the end of the seventeenth century, while Leghorn began to cater to the printing of the Oriental Jews about 1650, when Jedidiah Gabbai produced the "azharot" of Solomon ibn Gabirol. His chief production was a Yalḳuṭ in 1660, after which he removed to Florence and finally settled in Smyrna, where his son Abraham printed from 1659 to 1680 with the aid of Samuel Valenci from Venice. Abraham's productions include a few Ladino works in Hebrew characters, among the earliest of the kind. In Constantinople a family of printers named Franco—Solomon (1639), Abraham (1641-83), and Abraham (1709-20)—produced a number of casuistic works. Among their typesetters was Solomon of Zatanof (1648), who had escaped the Cossack outbreaks. The pause from 1683 to 1710 was broken by two Poles from Amsterdam, Jonah of Lemberg and Naphtali of Wilna. Jonah of Lemberg printed a few of his works at Ortakeui, near Constantinople, and finally settled at Smyrna.

From "Sefer Ḥokmat ha-Mishkan," Leghorn, 1772.From Moses Eidlitz's "Meleket ha-Ḥeshbon," Prague, 1775.From "Siddur Hegyon Leb," Königsberg, 1845.From a Karaite "Siddur," Vienna, 1851.From Pentateuch, Vienna, 1859.

With the year 1732 the detailed history of Hebrew typography must cease. It would be impossible to follow in minute detail the spread of Hebrew presses throughout the world during the last 160 years. The date 1732 is also epoch-making in the history of Hebrew bibliography, as up to that date the great work of Johann Christoph Wolf, amplified and corrected by Steinschneider in his "Bodleian Catalogue," gives a complete account of the personnel of the Hebrew press, both Jewish and Christian. The list of these printers given by Steinschneider is of considerable importance, both for identifying unknown or imperfect works of the earlier period, and as affording information of persons learned in Hebrew lore who utilized it only as typesetters or correctors for the press. Many, if not most, of the more distinguished families of recent date have been connected with these masters of printing, whose names are thus of importance for pedigree purposes (see Pedigree). For these reasons Steinschneider's list is here reprinted in shortened form.

List of Printers to 1732.

Name.	Place.	Date .
Aaron	Amsterdam	1703,6
Aaron b. Aaron Kohen	Amsterdam	1697
Aaron b. Abraham	Hanau	1722
Aaron da Costa Abendana b. Samuel.	Amsterdam	1726, 30
Aaron (Hezekiah ) Credo	Amsterdam	1726
Aaron b. (Ḥayyim) David Levi	Zolkiev	1716, 18, 21, 47
Aaron b. David Witmund	Amsterdam	1659
Aaron b. Elijah Kohen of Hamburg.	Hamburg	1714-15, 32
	Offenbach	1716
	Sulzbach	1717
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1719
	Jessnitz	1724
	Berlin	1724-26
	Wandsbeck	1726
	Altona	1735
Aaron (Shneor Zalman) b. Gabriel	Amsterdam	1721
Aaron Hamon	Constantinople	1423
Aaron b. Isaac (Drucker) b. Aaron	Prossnitz	1608-9, 10-12, 12-13, 13-19
Aaron b. Isaac Sofer	Amsterdam	1713
Aaron b. Jacob Levi	Dyhernfurth	1689
Aaron b. Jacob Senior	Amsterdam	1659
Aaron Jaffe b. Israel	...............	1702
Aaron Leon	Constantinople	1576-77
Aaron b. Manasseh Ephraim	Amsterdam	1661
Aaron b. Meïr	Prague	1705-13
Aaron b. Moses Krumenau	Cracow	1608-9, 10-12, 17-18
Aaron Rodrigues-Mendes	Amsterdam	1728, 30
Aaron b. Selig of Glogau	Berlin	1709
	Dyhernfurth	1713
	Berlin	1717
	Amsterdam	1726
Aaron b. Shabbethai	Amsterdam	1723-24
Aaron b. Uri Lipmann	...............	1700-17
Abba b. Solomon	Basel	1609
Abba-Mari of Vienna	Prague	1623
Abbele b. Judah	Prague	1706, 10
Abigdor b. Eliezer Ashkenazi	Constantinople	1547
Abigdor b. Eliezer Kohen	Prague	1614
Abigdor b. (Israel) Joseph	Cracow	1638-40, 43, 48
Abigdor b. Samuel b. Moses Ezra.	Cracow	1619
Abraham	Amsterdam	1708
Abraham b. Aaron	Prague	1674 (?)
Abraham b. Abigdor	...............	1530
Abraham Aboab, Sr.	Venice	1590
Abraham Aboab, Jr.	Venice	1655, 57, 59, 60, 69
Abraham b. Abraham	Adrianople (?)
Abraham Abudiente	Constantinople	1654
Abraham ibn Akra	Salonica	1595
	Venice	1599
Abraham b. Alexander	Venice	1606
Abraham Algazi b. Simeon	Constantinople	1711
Abraham Algazi b. Solomon	Smyrna	1659
Abraham Alḳabiẓi	Constantinople	1516
Abraham Alḳaras	Damascus	1605-6
Abraham Altschul b. Jacob	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
Abraham Amnon b. Jacob Israel	Leghorn	1653-54
Abraham Arama b. Isaac	Salonica	1520
Abraham ibn Ashkara Ẓarfati b. Samuel.	Pesaro	1511
Abraham Bassa of Jerusalem	Amsterdam	1722
Abraham Benveniste b. Aaron	Venice	1546
Abraham b. Bezalel of Posen	Lublin	1622-26, 30, 33-34, 45, 46
Abraham di Boton b. Aaron	Smyrna	1600, 71, 74
Abraham (Hezekiah) Brandon ibn Yaḳḳar	Amsterdam	(d. 1725)
Abraham Breit b. Moses	Amsterdam	1650
Abraham Broda b. Elijah of Prague.	Suizbach	1715
	Wilmersdorf	1716
Abraham Cassel	Strasburg	1521
Abraham ("Senior") Coronel	Amsterdam	1661, 67
Abraham Dandosa	Constantinople	1513
Abraham b. David Gojetein	Cracow	1586, 93
	Prague	1608
Abraham b. David Naḥman	Salonica	1709, 13, 24, 29
	Constantinople	1711
Abraham b. David Posner	Wilmersdorf	1685
Abraham b. Dob (Baer) of Lissa	Amsterdam	1701
Abraham Dorheim b. Moses Dorheim.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1719
Abraham b. Eliezer Braunschweig	Hanau	1610, 17
	Basel	1618-19
Abraham b. Eliezer Kohen	Cracow	1589
Abraham b. Eliezer Kohen	Wilmersdorf	1685-90, 1712-23
	Sulzbach	1691-1712
Abraham b. Eliezer Rödelsheim	Cracow	1600
Abraham ibn Ezra	Salonica	1721
Abraham Facon (?)	Naples	1492
Abraham Faraji b. Meïr	Salonica	1593-94
Abraham de Fonseca	Amsterdam	1627
Abraham ben (ibn) Garton b. Isaac.	Reggio	1475
Abraham Gedaliah	Leghorn	1650-57
Abraham Ger	Salonica	1651-55
Abraham Ḥaber-Ṭob b. Solomon	Venice	1595, 99, 1614, 17-19, 24, 32-34, 37, 40, 42, 43
	Leghorn	1650-57
Abraham Ḥavez	Amsterdam	1724
Abraham b. Ḥayyim	Pesaro	1477
	Ferrara	1479
	Bologna	1482
	Soncino	1488
Abraham Ḥayyim of Fano	Ferrara	1693
Abraham Ḥayyon b. Solomon b. Abraham.	Constantinople	1578-79
Abraham Hurwitz b. Isaiah	Amsterdam	1728, 29
Abraham Hurwitz b. Judah (Löb) Deborles Levi.
Abraham b. Isaac Ashkenazi	Sufed	1577-79, 87
Abraham b. Isaac b. David	Ixar	1490
Abraham b. Israel	Cracow	1617, 18
Abraham b. Israel Menahem	Lublin	1578
	Offenbach	1729
Abraham b. Israel b. Moses	Neuwied	1735-37
	Jessnitz	1739-40
Abraham b. Issachar Kohen (Kaz) Gersoni of Prague.	Wilmersdorf	1679, 82
	Sulzbach	1684
	Prague	1686, 88, 90-93
Abraham b. Jacob	Hanau	1726
Abraham b. Jacob Levi	Amsterdam	1726, 30
Abraham (Israel) b. Jacob (Koppel) of Vienna.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1705, 9, 11-12
Abraham Jedidiah de Cologna.
Abraham b. Jekuthiel	Hanau	1715, 47
Abraham b. Jekuthiel Kohen	Hanau	1611-14, 23-30
Abraham b. Joseph	Lublin	1571-72
Abraham b. Joseph	Hamburg	1690
Abraham b. Joseph Manasseh	Constantinople	1732
Abraham b. Joshua Sezze	Venice	1696
Abraham b. Joshua of Worms	Amsterdam	1643-48, 45-46
Abraham b. Judah	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
Abraham b. Judah (Loeb)	Constantinople	1710, 12, 16-20, 26-27, 37
Abraham b. Judah b. Nisan.
Abraham b. Kalonymus Reumold.	Prague	1614, 17-19, 21-24, 25
Abraham Ḳara	Salonica	1587
	Venice	1589
	Mantua	1589-90
Abraham Landau b. Jacob	Naples	1491-92
Abraham Laniado	Venice	1603
Abraham (Kohen) de Lara	Amsterdam	1691
Abraham Lichtenthaler	Salzbach	1697
Abraham Luria	Jessnitz	1723
Abraham Mendes-Lindo	Amsterdam	1725
Abraham b. Meshullam of Modena.	Mantua	1558-60
Abraham Molko b. Joseph	Salonica	1709
Abraham b. Mordecai Kohen	Amsterdam	1661
Abraham b. Moses (Schedel)	Prague	1602-4
Abraham b. Moses Goslar	Wandsbeck	1733
Abraham b. Moses Kohen	Bologna	1538
Abraham b. Moses Nathan	Amsterdam	1700
Abraham b. Naḥman Kohen	Lublin	1635
Abraham b. Nathan	Amsterdam	1652
Abraham ibn Nathan b. Ḥayyim? of Salonica.	Constantinople	1716, 17, 18, 19
Abraham Netto b. Joseph	Venice	1622
Abraham (Ḥai) Ortona b. David	Verona	1652
Abraham ibn Paredes	Constantinople	1522
Abraham Pereira b. Elijah	Constantinople	1642-43
Abraham Peris	Amsterdam	1678
Abraham Pescarol b. Kalonymus.	Venice Cremona.	1544, 65
Abraham ibn Phorni	Venice	1565
Abraham Porto	Venice	1563, 64, 65, 66, 74, 84, 88, 89
Abraham Porto b. Jehiel	Verona	1594
Abraham b. Reuben Abi Saglo	Venice	1606
Abraham Reyna	Constantinople	1560
Abraham Rosanes b. Meïr	Constantinople	1711, 19-20
Abraham Sacchi	Venice	1586
Abraham b. Solomon Levi	Hamburg	1706-7
Abraham b. Samuel b. David Levi.	...............	1692
Abraham b. Samuel Kohen	Constantinople	1561
Abraham b. Selig of Glogau	Berlin	1711-12
	Offenbach	1721
	Wilmersdorf	1726
	Dyhernfurth	1726
	Wandsbeck	1733
	Homburg	1738-41
Abraham Selzer b. Aaron of Minsk	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1702
Abraham b. Shalom	Prague	1608
Abraham Shalom b. Isaac	Salonica	1717
Abraham ibn Shangi b. Ephraim.	Constantinople	1534
Abraham b. Shemariah	Constantinople	1539-40
Abraham Shoshan	Constantinople
Abraham de Silva b. Solomon	Venice	1672, 78, 1728
	Amsterdam	1728
Abraham b. Simeon Friedburg	Prague	1713
Abraham b. Simeon Kolin	Prague	1697
Abraham Sonina	Constantinople	1717
Abraham Talmid Sefardi	Naples	1492
Abraham Uzziel b. Baruch	Venice	1655-56
Abraham von Werd	Fürth	1699
Abraham ibn Ya'ish b. Joseph	Constantinople	1505, 9
	Salonica	1520
Abraham ibn Yaḳḳar b. Jacob Hananiah.	Venice	1718
Abraham Yerushalmi (b. YomṬob?	Constantinople	1512
Abraham Ẓalaḥ b. Shabbethai	Venice	1599-1606
Abraham Ẓarfati	Amsterdam	1626-27
Abraham b. Ẓebi	Lublin	1637
Abraham b. Ẓebi	Verona	1649 (?)
Abraham (Ḥayyim) b. Ẓebi (Hirsch).	Amsterdam	1725-32
Abraham b. Ẓebi of Cracow	Amsterdam	1641, 43
	Cracow	1663
Abraham b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Kohen	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
Abraham b. Zeeb (Wolf) Levi	Amsterdam	1688, 1706
Adelkind (Brothers)	Venice	1519, 21, 22, 22, 24
Adelkind (Cornelius b. Baruch)	Venice	1524, 24-25, 27, 28-29, 44, 45, 45, 46, 46-48, 48-49, 50-52, 52
	Sabbionetta	1553-54
Adelkind (Daniel b. Cornelio)	Venice	1549-52
Akiba b. Uri (Phoebus)	Berlin	1713
Alexander b. Ezekiel	Prague	1618-20
Alexander b. Ḥayyim Ashkenazi.	Prague	1616-17
Alexander (Susskind) b. Kalonymus.	Amsterdam	1700, 2, 4
Alexander (Sender) b. Meïr Kassewitz.	Prague	1718-19
Antunes (Antones ?), Aaron	Amsterdam	1717-21(25?)
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Gershon Wiener.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1727
Aryeh (Judah Loeb) Krochmal b. Menahem.
Aryeh (Judah) Sabibi b. David.
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Saul b. Joshua	Amsterdam	1711
Aryeh Sofer b. Ḥayyim	Berlin	1706
Aryeh b. Solomon Ḥayyim	Berlin	1706
Aryeh b. Solomon Ḥayyim	Bologna	1537-40
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Solomon Kohen of Przemysl.	Zolkiev	1709
Aryeh (Judah Loeb) Te'omim b. Aaron	Frankfort-on-the-Main (?)	1710
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Zeeb (Wolf) Levi.	Amsterdam	1686, 99
Asher (Anschel)	...............	1700
Asher (Anschel) Altschüler b. Naphtali Herzel.	Prossnitz	1603
	Prague	1604, 11-17, 18, 20-21, 22-23
Asher (Anschel) b. Eliezer	Amsterdam	1663 - 85, 86, 1692 - 1703, 5, 13
Asher (Anschel) b. Elijah	Amsterdam	1698
Asher (Anschel) b. Gershon Kohen	Prague	1609-10
Asher (Selig) Hurwitz b. Isaac Levi.	Lublin	1624
Asher (Selig) b. Isaac of Dubno	Sulzbach	1702
Asher (Selig) b. Isaac Kohen	Berlin	1703
Asher (Anschel) b. Meïr Prostitz.	Amsterdam	1708
Asher Minz b. Perez	Naples	1491
Asher (Anschel) b. Moses	Cracow	1643
Asher Parentio (Parenz) b. Jacob.	Venice	1579-95
Asher Tiktin b. Menahem	Cracow	1598
Astruc de Toulon b. Jacob	Constantinople	1510-30
Athias, Abraham b. Raphael Hezekiah.	Amsterdam	1728-41
Athias, Immanuel b. Joseph	Amsterdam	1700-9
Athias, Joseph b. Abraham	Amsterdam	1658-85
Azariah	Bologna	1537-38
Azariah Talmid	Venice	1648
Azriel b. Joseph (b. Jacob Gunzenhäuser) Ashkenazi.	Naples	1491, 92
Azriel b. Moses	Hanau	1716
	Fürth	1726
Azriel b. Moses Schedel	...............	1602-9, 13
Azriel Peraḥyah Kohen	Amsterdam	1703
Azriel ben Solomon Diena	Sabbionetta (?)	1550-51
Baer (b. Meshullam Zalman Mirls ?) of Posen.	Berlin	1716-17
Baerle Rappa	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1713
Baermann b. Judah Lima Levi of Essen	...............	1697-99, 1721
Bak (Israel b. Joseph b. Judah)	Prague	1686, 89, 90, 91, 95
Bak (Jacob [II.] b. Judah)	Lublin	1648, 73-96
	Prague	1680
Bak (Joseph [I.] b. Jacob)	Prague	1623, 23-24, 24, 29, 57-60, 62
Bak (Joseph [II.] b. Judah)	Prague	1673-96, 79, 84, 86
Bak (Judah [I.] b. Jacob)	Prague	1620-60, 61-69
Bak (Judah [II.] b. Moses b. Jacob)	Prague	1705, 6, 8, 13-20
Bak (Moses [I.] b. Jacob b. Judah).	Prague	1686, 97, 1716
Bak (Moses ben Judah)	Prague	1697
Bak (Yom-Ṭob Lipman b. Moses b. Jacob).	Prague	1713-18, 25
	Fürth	1723-24
Bak, Jacob (I.) b. Gershon Wahl	Venice	1598, 99
	Prague	1605, 7, 9, 12-15
Baruch	Pesaro	1517
Baruch Bloch b. Jacob	Cracow	1609
Baruch Buchbinder of Wilna	Berol	1708-9
	Prossnitz	1711
	Berlin	1712-15, 17
Baruch b. Eliezer Kohen	Venice	1579
Baruch of Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1705
Baruch b. Joseph b. Baruch	Leghorn	1657
Baruch of Korez	Cracow	1637
Baruch b. Lipmann Wiener	Amsterdam	1726-27
Baruch (Bendet) b. Nathan	Fürth	1727-38
	Sulzbach	1729
Baruch b. Simḥah Kalman	Venice	1583
baruch b. Simḥah Levi	Amsterdam	1670, 74
Baruch b. Solomon	Lublin	1639
Baruch Uzziel	Ferrara	1551, 56
Baschwitz (Meïr b. Ẓebi Hirsch)	Jessnitz	1731-32
	Berlin	1736
Baschwitz (Ẓebi Hirsch b. Meïr)	Berlin	1701, 3, 9
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1708
	Dyhernfurth	1719, 20
	Hanau (?)	1722
Bat-Sheba (Abraham Joseph)	Salonica	1592-1605
Bat-Sheba (Abraham b. Mattathiah).	Verona	1594
	Salonica	1605, 5-6
Bat-Sheba (Mattithiah)	Salonica.
Bella Hurwitz Levi	Prague.
Benjamin (Benusch)	Lemberg (?)	1728
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Aaron Eliezer Worms of Durlach.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1712-16
Benjamin b. Aaron Polacco	Venice	1719, 21
	Mantua	1724, 27
	Venice	1728, 29, 30, 44, 53
Benjamin b. Abraham	Cracow	1638-39, 40
Benjamin (Samuel) b. Abraham	Lublin	1574-75, 76
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Abraham Kohen Hinfeld	Wilmersdorf	1677
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Asher (Anschel).	Amsterdam	1692, 95-96, 97, 1703
Benjamin Diaz Patto b. Jacob	Amsterdam	1645
Benjamin (Zeeb Wolf) b. Elijah	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1680, 97-99
Benjamin b. Elijah Levi	Offenbach.
Benjamin Galmidi	Amsterdam	1631-33
Benjamin (Kohen) Gersoni	Prague	1624
Benjamin (Shneor) Godinez	Amsterdam	1687-88
Benjamin (Zeeb Wolf) b. Jacob of Ofen.	Prague	1689
Benjamin b. Jehiel (Michael) of Kalisz.	Amsterdam	1702
Benjamin b. Jekuthiel	Hanau	1624
Benjamin di Jonak	Amsterdam	1708-10
Benjamin b. Joseph d'Arignano	Rome	1546
Benjamin b. Joseph of Berlin	Berlin	1711-12, 17
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Moses Dayyan Frankfurter.	Amsterdam	1722, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30
Benjamin b. Moses b. Mattihiah b. Benjamin.	Venice	1614
Benjamin b. Naphtali Moses	Offenbach	1716
Benjamin (Saul) de Rubeis	Ferrara	1554
Benjamin b. Solomon Cantoris	Lublin	1624, 37
	Cracow	1646
Benjamin (Zeeb) b. Solomon Kohen of Zolkiev.	Berlin	1712
Benjamin Wolf b. Joseph Isaac	Amsterdam	1725-29
Benjamin Wolf of Lemberg	Prague	1614
Benveniste, or Benbeniste (Immanuel).	Amsterdam	1641-59
Benzion Ẓarfati (Gallus)	Venice	1606-7
Bezaleel b. Abraham	Lublin	1614
Bing (Abraham b. Isaac)	Fürth	1722-24
Bloch (Moses b. Uri Schraga)	Sulzbach	1684-93
Bonfed, Shneor b. Joseph b. Zalman Shneor.	Fürth	1722-24, 25-28, 29
Caleb Ḥazzan b. Joseph	Smyrna	1730
Caleb b. Judah Magia	Constantinople	1726-37
Canpillas (Yom-Ṭob b. Moses)	Constantinople	1711
	Salonica	1713-24, 29
Castro-(Crasto-) Tartas (David b. Abraham).	Amsterdam	1660-95
Castro-Tartas (Jacob b. Abraham).	Amsterdam	1664-65, 69
Christfels Phil. Ernest (Mordecai b. Moses of Illenfeld).	Wilmersdorf	1713
Cividal Brothers	Venice	1675
Conat (Abraham b. Solomon)	Mantua	1476
Conat (Estellina).
Concio (Conzio ?), Abraham b. Joseph	Chieri	1627-28
Cordova (Abraham b. Jacob)	Amsterdam	1700-5, 6, 8
Cordova (Isaac Hezekiah b. Jacob Ḥayyim).	Amsterdam	1688-1726
	Hamburg	1710-14
Cordova (Jacob Ḥayyim b. Moses Raphael).	Amsterdam	1662-64, 64, 65, 66, 67-69, 75, 78, 81
	Wilmersdorf	1683, 92-93, 98-99, 1701-3, 14
Cordova (Moses b. Isaac de)	Amsterdam	1641-42
Daniel Pereira b. Abraham	Amsterdam	1729, 31
David b. Aaron Judah Levi of Pinsk.	Amsterdam	1685
David A boab b. Samuel	Venice	1702
David b. Abraham (Azubib ? Asovev ?).	Salonica	1578-86 (87?)
David Abravanel-Dormido	Amsterdam	1642
David Altaras b. Solomon	Venice	1675-1718
David Bueno	Leghorn.
David Bueno b. Raphael Ḥayyim	Venice	1704-5, 6, 7, 7-8, 16, 20-21, 32
David de Cazeres	Amsterdam	1661
David b. Elasah Levi	...............	1489
David b. Eliezer Levi of Darlipstadt	Amsterdam	1723, 28, 30, 33
David b. Elijah (Casti)	Constantinople	1574, 75, 86
David b. Elijah b. David	Salonica	1713-21, 29
David Fernandez (b. David)	Amsterdam	1715, 26
David Ginz b. Solomon	Offenbach	1717
David Grünhut	...............	1712
David b. Ḥayyim Ḥazzan	Smyrna	1729-41
David b. Isaac Kohen	Amsterdam	1644
David b. Isaac of Ottensoss	Fürth	1727
David b. Issachar (Dob Baer of Zolkiev).	Zolkiev	1694, 96
	Berlin	1699 1701, 3, 12
	Amsterdam	1700, 1, 5
	Hanau	1710
	Zolkiev	1721
David Jonah Jonathan	Oels	1530
David Jonah Joseph Muskatels	Prague	1705-6
David Jonah b. Shabbethai Jonah.	Salonica	1653
David b. Judah (Loeb) of Cracow.	Lublin.
David Kohen	Constantinople	1509
David de Lida b. Pethahiah b. David.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1727
David of Maarsen	Amsterdam	1715
David Maza b. Aaron	Mantua	1612
	Salonica	1614
David b. Menahem Kohen	Hanau	1626-28
David b. Moses of Rheindorf	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1692
David Nördlingen	Cremona	1565
David Nuñez	Amsterdam	1697-99, 1700-5
David Peppe b. Abraham	Venice	1663
David Pizzighetton b. Eliezer Levi	Venice	1524
David Portaleone b. Moses	Mantua	1623
David Portero	Pesaro	1511
David Provençal b. Abraham	Venice	1565
David (Naphtali) di Rieti b. Hananiah.	Mantua.
David de la Rocca	Venice	1601-2
David b. Samuel Kohen	Amsterdam	1726, 32
David b. Shemaiah Saugers	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1700
David de Silva b. Hezekiah	Amsterdam	1706, 26
David (Israel) del Soto	Amsterdam	1642
David b. Uri (Phoebus)	Amsterdam	1664, 66
	Zolkiev	1705-15 (?)
David Valensi	Leghorn	1650-57
David ibn Yaḥya b. Joseph	Constantinople	1509
David b. Yom-Ṭob Deuz	Amsterdam	1649-53
Eleazar (Enoch) Altschul	Prague	1686, 1705-6
Eleazar b. David	Cracow	1596
Eleazar b. Isaac Levi	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1686
Eleazar b. Moses Kohen	Amsterdam	1693
Eleazar b. Shabbethai Balgid	Venice	1586-87
Eleazar Sussmann b. Isaac	Amsterdam	1733
Elhanan (Jacob) Archevolti b. Samuel.	Venice	1602
Elhanan b. Naphtali	Amsterdam	1628
Eliakim (Goetz) b. Israel	Homburg	1724
Eliakim b. Jacob	Amsterdam	1685-1705
Eliakim (Goetz) b. Mordecai.
Eliezer (Leser) b. abraham	Jessnitz	1724-26
Eliezer (ibn) Alanstansi b. Abraham.	Ixar	1487-90
Eliezer b. Benjamin of Prossnitz.	Cracow	1591
	Prossnitz	1602
Eliezer of Braunschweig	Sabbionetta	1567
Eliezer Darli	Salonica	1522
Eliezer (Lasi) b. David Emrich	Amsterdam	1692
Eliezer (Leser) Floersheim	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1707, 8, 9
Eliezer b. Ḥayyim	Prague	1610
	Hanau	1614, 15
Eliezer Ḥayyut b. Isaac	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1732
Eliezer b. Issac Ashkenazi	Constantinople	1575-76, 86
	Safed	1577-79, 87
Eliezer b. Isaac Jacob of Lublin	Lublin	1646
Eliezer b. Isaac b. Napthali	Wilmersdorf	1727
Eliezer b. Isaac of Prague	Lublin	1556-73
Eliezer (Ḥayyim) b. Isaiah Nizza.	Venice	1657
Eliezer (Leser) b. Israel Levi	Amsterdam	1726, 33
Eliezer d'Italia	Mantua	1612
Eliezer b. Jacob	Constantinople	1670-71
Eliezer b. Joseph of Lisk	Wilmersdorf	1673-75, 77
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1680-81
Eliezer b. Joshua Nehemiah	Wandsbeck	1732
Eliezer Kohen	Cracow	1593-94
Eliezer Liebermann b. Alexander Bingen.	Hanau	1715
Eliezer Liebermann' b. Yiftah Levi.	Amsterdam	1710
Eliezer Lipmann b. Issachar Kohen Hannover.	Amsterdam	1682
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1683
Eliezer b. Meshullam	Lublin	1567
	Prague	1578
Eliezer b. Meshullam of Lublin	Prague	1601
Eliezer b. Mordecai Reckendorf	Offenbach	1716
Eliezer Provençal b. Abraham b. David.	Mantua	1596
Eliezer b. Samuel	Soncino	1490
Eliezer (Leser) Shuk	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1690-1700
Eliezer ibn Shoshan b. David.
Eliezer Supino	Venice	1718
Eliezer Todros	Salonica	1532-33
Eliezer Toledano	Lisbon	1489-92
Eliezer Treves b. Naphtali Hirz	Zurich	1558
	Thiengen	1560
Eliezer Ẓarfati b. Elijah.
Elijah Aboab	Amsterdam	1644-45
Elijah b. Abraham (Israel) b. Jacob Levi.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1711-12
Elijah b. Azriel Wilna	Amsterdam	1690
	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1704-18
	Homburg	1738
Elijah Belin b. Moses (Joseph)	Hamburg	1663
Elijah Galmidi	Constantinople	1574
Elijah (Menahem) Ḥalfan b. Abba Mari.	Venice	1551
Elijah b. Issac Schleifer	Prague	1612
Elijah b. Joseph Frankfort	Verona	1649
Elijah b. Joseph of Samsocz	Amsterdam	1697
Elijah b. Judah Ulma	Hanau	1611-14
	Basel	1622
	Hanau	1623-30
Elijah (Judah de) Leon b. Michael.	Amsterdam	1659, 66
Elijah Levi b. Benjamin	Constantinople	1503, 9
Elijah Levita	Venice	1525, 29, 32, 38, 45, 46, 47, 48
Elijah b. Moses b. Abraham Abinu	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1704-8
Elijah Rabbah b. Menahem	Venice	1604-5
Elijah Ricco	Salonica	1529
Elijah b. Simeon Oettingen	Fürth	1692
Elijah Velosinos	Amsterdam	1664
Elijah Zünzburger b. Seligman (Selikmann) b. Moses Simeon Ulma.	Hanau	1615-17
Elijah Zur b. Samuel Ẓuri	Constantinople	1537
Elimelech b. David Melammed of Cracow.	Berlin	1705
Elishama Sifroni b. Israel	Mantua	1593
	Venice	1596, 1601
	Mantua	1612
Ella (bat Moses ben Abraham ?)	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1699-1700
Ella bat Ḥayyim	Lublin	1556
Enoch	Prague	1602
Enoch b. Issachar (Baermann) Levi.	Berlin	1709
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1712
Ephraim Bueno (ben Joseph)	Amsterdam	1626-28, 30, 48, 50, 52, 61-64
Ephraim b. David Patavinus	Mantua	1589-90
Ephraim b. Issac	Mantua	1563
Ephraim b. Jonah of Tarli	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1681
Ephraim Kohen	Adrianople	1555
Ephraim Melli b. Mordecai	Mantua	1676
Ephraim b. Pesach of Miedzyboz.	Lublin (?)	1673
Ephraim (Zalman) b. Solomon Reinbach (Rheinbach ?) of Lissa.	Amsterdam	1699
Esther, widow of Elijah Ḥandali.	Constantinople	1566
Ezekiel b. Jacob	Amsterdam	1695
Ezekiel (Moses) b. Jacob	Prague	1590
Ezekiel b. Moses Gabbai	Cracow	1587-88, 93-94
Ezra Alchadib b. Solomon	Venice	1608-9
Ezra b. Mordecai Kohen	Dyhernfurth	1712, 13, 15, 19, 20, 26
Foa (Nathaniel)	Amsterdam	1702-15
Foa (Tobia b. Eliezer)	Sabbionetta	1551-59
Fonseca (Daniel de)	Amsterdam	1627
Franco (Abraham b. Solomon)	Constantinople	1640-83
Franco (Solomon)	Constantinople	1638-40
Frosch, Christian, of Augsburg	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1711
Fundam (Isaac)	Amsterdam	1723-24
Gabbai (Abraham b. Jedidiah)	Smyrna	1657-75
	Constantinople	1662
Gabbai (Isaac)	Venice	1597
Gabbai (Jedidiah b. Isaac)	Leghorn	1650-57
Gabriel Levi of Vratislavia	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1725
Gabriel Strassburg b. Aaron	Soncino	1484
Gad Conian b. Israel	Constantinople	1719, 20
Gamaliel b. Eliakim (Götz) of Lissa.	Hamburg	1687
Gedaliah (Don Judah)	Lisbon.
	Salonica	1515-35
Gedaliah Cordovero b. Moses	Venice	1587, 88
Gedaliah b. Solomon Lipschütz	Venice	1616
Gela (Gella)	Halle	1709-10
Gershon Ashkenazi	Cracow	1646-47
Gershon b. Ḥayyim David Levi	Zolkiev	1730
Gershon Ḥefeẓ b. Kalonymus	Venice	1627
Gershon Poper (or Popper)	Prague	1610, 11
Gershon Wiener b. Naphtali Hirsch	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1690, 96, 98, 1700, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 17, 21, 24
	Berlin	1702, 3, 9
Gumpel Kohen b. Jacob Hannover	Amsterdam	1712
Gumprich b. Abraham	Amsterdam	1717, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28
Gütel bat Judah Loeb b. Alexander Kohen.	Prague	1627
Haehndel (Elhanan) b. Ḥayyim Drucker.	Amsterdam	1711, 13
Halicz (Johannes)	Cracow	1538-39
Halicz (Paul)	Cracow	1540
Halicz (Samuel b. Ḥayyim)	Cracow	1534
Hananiah b. Eliezer ha-Shimeoni Sustin.	Constantinople	1513
	Salonica	1521
Hananiah Finzi	Venice	1587
Hananiah b. Jacob Saul	Salonica	1719
Hananiah ibn yaḳḳar	Constantinople	1573, 78
Hananiah Marun	Mantua	1623-24
Hananiah ibn Sikri (Saccari ?) b. Isaiah.	Amsterdam	1715
Ḥayyim b. Abraham	Constantinople	1719
Ḥayyim Alfandari	Constantinople	1717
	Ortakeui	1719
Ḥayyim Alscheich b. Moses	Venice	1601, 3, 5, 7
Ḥayyim Alton b. Moses	Venice	1522-23, 27
Ḥayyim Altschul b. Mordecai (Gumpel) of Prague.	Dessau	1696-99
	Dyhernfurth	1703
	Amsterdam	1708, 9, 10, 10-12, 17-18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 32
Ḥayyim Casino	Constantinople	1719
Ḥayyim Cesarini (Casirino) b. Shabbethai.	Constantinople	1519
Ḥayyim b. David Kohen	Constantinople	1537
	Venice	1546
Ḥayyim b. Ephraim (Gumprecht) of Dessau.	Berlin	1712, 17
	köthen	1717
	Jessnitz	1719
	Berlin	1724 (?)
	Prague	1728 (and 35)
	Sulzbach	1729
Ḥayyim (Jedidiah) ibn Ezra	Salonica	1721
Ḥayyim Gatigno b. Samuel	Cremona	1558-60
Ḥayyim b. Ḥayyim	Wilmersdorf	1713, 17, 19
Ḥayyim Ḥazzan b. David Ḥazzan	Constantinople	1717
Ḥayyim b. Isaac b. Ḥayyim	Lublin	1556-67
Ḥayyim b. Issac Levi Ashkenazi.	Naples	1486
Ḥayyim b. Israel	Amsterdam	1709
Ḥayyim b. Issachar b. Israel	Prague	1623-24
Ḥayyim b. Jacob Drucker	Amsterdam	1680-1724
Ḥayyim b. Jacob of Hamelburg	Amsterdam	1670
Ḥayyim b. Jacob (Gel Jäkels) Kohen.	Prague	1603-4
Ḥayyim (Mordecai) b. Joseph	...............	1477
Ḥayyim b. Joseph Kohen	Prague	1691, 1705-6
Ḥayyim b. Judah	Lublin	1648
	Prague	1657, 62-63, 75
Ḥayyim b. Judah (Loeb)	Prague	1689, 91, 94, 96, 97, 1705-6
Ḥayyim b. Judah (Loeb)	Amsterdam	1695
Ḥayyim b. Ḳatriel of Cracow	Prague	1686
	Dyhernfurth	1689, 90, 91, 93, 96, 99
	Berlin	1703-5, 9, 14, 17
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1717
Ḥayyim Katschigi b. Jacob	Constantinople	1732
Ḥayyim Ḳimḥi b. Jacob	Constantinople	1714
Ḥayyim Lubliner	Amsterdam	1702
Ḥayyim (Shalom) Ma'ali Kohen b. Benjamin.	Constantinople	1719-20
Ḥayyim b. Moses Menahem (Man) Danziger Danzig.	Amsterdam	1725-26, 26, 39-40
Ḥayyim (Selig) b. Nathaniel	...............	1697
Ḥayyim b. Samuel Ashkenazi	Constantinople	1561-62
Ḥayyim ibn Saruḳ	Venice	1566, 74
Ḥayyim b. Simḥah Ashkenazi Levi	Basel	1609
Ḥayyim b. Solomon Austerlitz	Prague	1601
Ḥayyim Ṭawil b. Moses	Constantinople	1715-18
Ḥayyim b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Kohen of Kalisz.	Dyhernfurth	1709, 13, 15
	Hanau	1710
Ḥayyim b. Zeeb (Wolf) Levi	Amsterdam	1674-76, 85
Hene (Coelius) of Basel	Prague	1624
Hezekiah Fano	Venice	1574-75
Hezekiah Montro	Venice	1477
Hirsch (Ẓebi) b. Ḥayyim	Wilmersdorf	1712-38
	Fürth	1739-49
Hirz, Gener Eliezer Vindob	Amsterdam	1712
Hirz Levi Rofe	Amsterdam	1721, 25, 26, 27-68
Ḥiyya Meïr b. David	Venice	1519-22
Ḥiyya Pisa	Venice	1574
Hosea Cividal b. Raphael	Venice	1593-94
Immanuel	Zamora	1492
Immanuel ibn Atthar ('Aṭṭar)	Amsterdam	1686
Immanuel b. Gabriel Gallichi	Mantua	1558-60
Immanuel Henriquez b. Joshua	Amsterdam	1730, 32
Isaac	Lublin	1680
Isaac b. Aaron	Prague	1605
Isaac b. Aaron of Prostitz	Cracow	1569-1612
	Prossnitz	1602-5
Isaac b. Aaron Samuel	Prague	1610
Isaac b. Abigdor Levi	Rome	1518
Isaac Aboab	Venice	1590
Isaac Aboab b. David	Amsterdam	1626-27
Isaac Aboab b. Mattithiah.
Isaac b. Abraham	Lublin	1574-76
Isaac b. Abraham Ashkenazi	Lublin	1597
Isaac b. Abraham Ashkenazi	Damascus	1606
Isaac b. Abraham Kohen of Meseritz.	Lublin	1646
Isaac Alfandari b. Abraham	Constantinople	1711, 16-20
Isaac Alnaqua	Venice	1648
Isaac b. Aryeh (Loeb) Dayyan b. Isaac.	Amsterdam	1727
Isaac b. Asher (Ensel = Anschel) of Nerol.	Wandsbeck	1732
Isaac Bassan b. Samuel	Venice	1560
Isaac Benveniste b. Joseph	Hamburg	1710-11
	Amsterdam	1715
Isaac Bingen b. Samuel	Lublin	1646
	Venice	1654
Isaac (Eisak) Bresnitz Levi	Prague	1623
Isaac Bueno de Mesquita b. Joseph.	Amsterdam	1718
Isaac Cansino	Amsterdam	1685
Isaac Cavallino b. Eliezer Patavini of Mantua.	Venice	1624
Isaac Diaz b. Abraham	Amsterdam	1719
Isaac (Eisak) b. Elia of Rogasen.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1725, 29
Isaac (Eisak) b. Elia of Tarli.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1717
Isaac b. Eliakim of Bingen	Amsterdam	1643-44
Isaac (Eisak) Eliezer (Lipman)	Hamburg	1690
Isaac (Eisak) Eliezer b. Isaac of Prague.	Lublin	1567-68, 70-73
Isaac (Jacob) b. Eliezer of Prostitz	Lublin	1616, 26, 39, 46
Isaac (Eisak) b. Elijah of Berlin.	Amsterdam	1706
Isaac b. Elijah of Brzesc	Cracow	1631
Isaac (Meïr) Fraenkel Teomim	Amsterdam	1676-78
Isaac Gakil Salonica		1594
Isaac Gershon	Venice	1587-1615
Isaac Gershon	Berlin	1706
Isaac b. Gershon of Torbin	Cracow	1628
Isaac b. Ḥayyim of Cracow	Cracow (?)
	Lublin (?)	16-
	Prague (?)
Isaac b. Ḥayyim of Cracow.	Wandsbeck	1727-30
	Berlin	1733
	Amsterdam	1739
	Dessau	1742
Isaac b. Ḥayyim Ḥazzan	Constantinople	1550
Isaac b. Ḥayyim b. Isaac Kohen b. Simson.	Prague	1655
	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1687
Isaac Ḥazzan b. Joseph	Venice	1567
Isaac R. Hoeschels (i.e., b. Joshua)	Cracow	1571
Isaac Issac Hurwitz Levi b. Meshullam.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1677, 80
	Prague	1688-94, 95
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
	Prague	1705-6, 10
Isaac Hurwitz Levi b. Moses Ḥayyim.	Hamburg	1700-1
Isaac b. Isaiah Jehiel	Constantinople	1654
Isaac Israel Isarel	Cracow	1596
Isaac b. Jacob b. Isaac	Venice	1695, 96, 1700, 2, 5, 6
Isaac Jafe b. Israel	Berlin	1717
Isaac Jafe b. Samuel	Venice	1597-1606
Isaac Jare b. David	Mantua	1718-23
Isaac Jeshurun	Smyrna	1659
Isaac (Eisak) b. Jonathan of Posen	Lublin	1595
Isaac (Eisak) b. Joseph (b. Isaac b. Isaiah)	Jessnitz	1724, 26
	Dyhernfurth	1725
	Wandsbeck	1727-32
Isaac (Selig) b. Judah Budin	Dyhernfurth	1692
	Zolkiev	1693
Isaac b. Judah (Loeb) Jüdels Kohen.	Wilmersdorf	1670-90
	Sulzbach.
Isaac b. Judah Kohen (Kaz)	Prague	1648
Isaac b. Judah Kohen Wahl of Janospol.	Amsterdam	1685-87
Isaac b. Kalonymus of Bilgoraj	Jessnitz	1720
Isaac (Eisak) b. Kalonymus Kohen	Dyhernfurth	1725-26, 27
Isaac Kaspota	Constantinople	1505, 9
Isaac Katzenellenbogen b. Abraham.	Amsterdam	1686
Isaac (Kohen) de Lara b. Abraham.	Amsterdam	1699-1704
Isaac (Joshua) de Lattes	Rome	1546
Isaac Leon	Venice	1605
	Constantinople	1618
	Venice	1630
Isaac ha-Levi b. Jacob	Venice	1635, 52
Isaac Luria b. Moses	Venice	1712
Isaac Mahler	Prague	1700
Isaac Marquez di Paz	Amsterdam	1706
Isaac Masia	Tannhausen	1594
Isaac b. Meïr Ashkenazi	Amsterdam	1695
Isaac b. Menahem	Cracow	1534
Isaac (Eisak) b. Menahem (Ẓoref)	Cracow	1638-40, 48
	Lublin.
Isaac b. Meshullam Posen	Cracow (Novidvor).	1591
Isaac Montalto b. Elijah	Amsterdam	1637
Isaac b. Moses Eckendorf	Basel	1599
Isaac (Eisak) b. Moses Grillingen.	Wilmersdorf	1732
	Fürth	1738-45
Isaac (Eisak) b. Naphtali Didenhofen.	Wilmersdorf	1726
Isaac b. Naphtali (Hirz) Kohen	Amsterdam	1710, 23-24, 32
Isaac Nehemiah	Amsterdam	1627
Isaac Norzi b. Samuel	Mantua	1593
Isaac Nufiez b. David	Amsterdam	1664
Isaac Pacifico b. Asher	Venice	1712-15
Isaac (Lopez) Pereira b. Moses	Amsterdam	1726, 29
Isaac della Pinia b. Abraham	Amsterdam	1712
Isaac Rabbino b. Abraham	Mantua	1718
Isaac Sasportas b. Jacob	Amsterdam	1685
Isaac b. Selig	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1725, 27, 29
Isaac Simeon b. Judah (Loeb) of Hechingen.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1697 .
Isaac b. Simeon Samuel Levi	Hanau	1610, 11-14, 23
Isaac b. Solomon (Gumi ?)	Constantinople	1511
Isaac b. Solomon (Zalman)	Dyhernfurth	1695, 96
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1698, 1708, 13, 17, 18, 26
Isaac b. Solomon b. Israel	Wilmersdorf	1730
Isaac Spira b. Nathan	Lublin	1597
Isaac Sullam (Salem ?) b. Joseph	Mantua	1563, 65
	Venice	1568, 1687
Isaac Tausk b. Selig	Prague	1703, 6, 10, 18-19, 25, 28, 35-36
Isaac Treves. b. Gershon	Venice	1568, 78, 83, 85
Isaac Tschelebi b. Elia Polichrono	Venice	1630
Isaac (Elijah) b. Uri Kohen	Prague	1621
Isaac (Eisak) b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Levi of Kalisz.	Jessnitz.
Isaiah Anaw	Basel	1610
Isaiah Ashkenazi	Constantinople	1719
Isaiah b. Isaac b. Isaiah of Woidislaw.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1717
	Köthen	1717
	Jessnitz	1719-20
Isaiah b. Meïr Bunzlau	Cracow	1594
Isaiah b. Moses of Sniatyn	Constantinople	1711
Isaiah Parnas b. Elasar (Eliezer)	Venice	1529, 31-32
Isaiah di Trani b. Joseph	Constantinople	1641
Ishmael Marono	Venice	1601
Israel b. Abraham	Köthen	1717
	Jessnitz	1719-26
	Wandsbeck	1726-33
	Jessnitz	1739-44
Israel Altschul b. Solomon	Prague	1613, 20
Israel Ashkenazi	Pisaur
Israel b. Eliakim (Goetz)	Venice	1704-5
Israel b. Ḥayyim Bunzlau	Amsterdam	1688
Israel b. Jedidiah of Leipnik	Lublin	1619
Israel Kohen b. Joseph	Lublin	1556, 66
Israel b. Meïr	Wilmersdorf	1712
Israel b. Moses	Dessau	1696
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1700
	Dessau	1704
Israel b. Moses b. Abraham	Offenbach	1719-33
	Homburg	1734
	Neuwied	1735-36
	Offenbach	1737-38
	Jessnitz	1739
Israel b. Moses b. Abraham Abinu	Amsterdam	1694
Israel b. Moses of Berlin	Berlin	1727
Israel Sifroni b. Daniel	Sabbionetta.
	Basel	1578-81, 83
	Freiburg	1583-84
	Venice	1588, 1604
Israel Ẓarfati of Milhau	Constantinople	1518
Issachar (Baer) b. Aaron b. Isaac Drucker.	Cracow	1619
Issachar (Baer) b. Abraham of Kalisz.	Dessau	1704
Issachar (Baer) b. Eliezer of Minden.	Amsterdam	1685, 88, 92 -1703, 11
Issachar (Dob Baer) b. Gershon Wiener.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1727-72
Issachar (Baer) Ḥazzan	Prague	1609-10
Issachar (Dob Baer) b. Isaac	Lublin	1680-81
Issachar (Baer) b. Issachar Kohen	Fürth	1691
	Prague	1692, 95, 1718-19
Issachar (Dob Baer) b. Judah (Loeb).	Amsterdam	1725-26, 27, 30, 33
Issachar (Baer) b. Nathan Kohen.	Dyhernfurth	1718-33
Issachar Perlhefter	Prague	1687
Issachar b. (Abi Esri) Selke	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99, 1703, 11
	Berlin	1712, 14-15, 17
	Prague	1718-20
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1727, 29
Jabez (Solomon b. Isaac b. Joseph b. Ḥayyim).	Adrianople	1544
	Salonica	1555
	Constantinople	1559-67, 73-75
Jabez Joseph b. Isaac	Adrianople	1554
	Salonica	1563-72, 73-75, 76-84
Jacob b. Aaron Ashkenazi	Venice	1704
Jacob (Koppel) b. (Ḥayyim ?)	Offenbach	1718
Jacob b. Abigdor Levi	Rome	1518
	Tridini	1525
Jacob Aboab b. Abraham	Venice	1669, 82, 83
Jacob Aboab b. Joseph	Venice	1708, 11
Jacob b. Abraham	...............	1665-72
Jacob b. Abraham Ashkenazi.	Damascus	1606
Jacob b. Abraham Ashkenazi of Ziwatow.	Constantinople	1648, 52, 54
Jacob b. Abraham Ger	Amsterdam.	1708-9, 9, 12, 13, 15, 21, 22, 25, 28, 30
Jacob b. Abraham Israel Ger	Amsterdam	1664
Jacob b. Abraham of Jerusalem	Constantinople	1719-20
Jacob b. Abraham of Leipnik	Cracow	1618
	Lublin	1627, 33-35
Jacob b. Abraham of Lublin	Lublin	1618-20, 22-27, 33 (35 ?)
Jacob b. Abraham Moses	Amsterdam	1661
Jacob b. Abraham Polak	Basel	1598, 99, 1600, 3
Jacob b. Abraham of Rowno	Berlin	1726
Jacob b. Abraham Tininger	Basel	1599
Jacob Alfandari b. Ḥayyim	Constantinople	1670-71
Jacob Alvarez-Soto	Amsterdam	1708-10
Jacob (Alnis ?)	Venice	1621
Jacob Auerbach b. Isaac Reis of Vienna.	Sulzbach	1716-17
Jacob Baruch b. Samuel Baruch	Venice	1656
Jacob Basch	Prague	1627
Jacob Bassan b. Abraham	Amsterdam	1725
Jacob Bibas	Constantinople	1715-16
Jacob Broda	Giessen	1714
Jacob Carillo	Amsterdam	1644
Jacob Castelo	Amsterdam	1661-64
Jacob b. David (Gutrath)	Lublin	1556, 59, 67, 68, 78
Jacob b. Eliakim Ashkenazi	Lublin	1574-76
Jacob (Ẓebi) b. Eliezer	Dessau	1698
	Berlin	1699
Jacob b. Eliezer Levi	Venice	1566
Jacob b. Enoch b. Abraham b. Moses Melammed.	Jessnitz	1720
Jacob Florentin	Salonica	1724
Jacob (Ḥai) Florez b. Abraham	Leghorn	1650
	Venice	1651
Jacob Gabbai	Constantinople	1640-43
Jacob of Haag	Amsterdam	1728, 30
Jacob Ḥaber Ṭob	Mantua	1718-23
Jacob ibn Ḥason	Salonica	1732
Jacob b. Ḥayyim	Venice	1520
Jacob b. Ḥayyim	Constantinople	1711
Jacob b. Ḥayyim b. Jacob Erbich	Amsterdam	1700-26, 32
Jacob Ḥazḳuni b. Abraham	Amsterdam	1694, 1726
Jacob b. Hillel of Lublin	Prague	1675
Jacob b. Isaac Gomez	Verona	1650
Jacob b. Isaac Levi	Venice	1678, 82, 90, 90-91, 96
Jacob b. Isaac Levi	Amsterdam	1688
Jacob Israel	Mayence (?)	1584
Jacob b. Issachar (Dob) Cantor	Zolkiev	1718
Jacob Jeshurun	Amsterdam	1660
Jacob b. Joel Levi	Amsterdam	1701
Jacob b. Joseph.
Jacob (Ḥai) b. Joseph (Ḥai) Kohen.	Venice	1693, 96, 98, 1702, 4, 5, 12-15
Jacob b. Judah Noah Kohen Norden.	Amsterdam	1640
Jacob b. Judah Shneor	Amsterdam	1683
Jacob (Koppel) Kohen	Amsterdam	1715
	Offenbach	1718
Jacob Kohen della Man	Venice	1616
Jacob Kulli	Constantinople	1719, 27, 28, 31
Jacob Landau	Naples	1487
Jacob (Koppel) Levi	Sulzbach	1700
Jacob Levi of Tarascon	Mantua	Ante 1480
Jacob Lubemila	Amsterdam	1728
Jacob Luẓẓaṭ b. Isaac	Cracow	1569
Jacob Marcaria	Riva di Trento	1558-62
Jacob b. Meïr	Lublin	1598-99
Jacob b. Meïr Hölischau	Cracow	1608, 17
Jacob Mendez da Costa	Wandsbeck	1733
Jacob de Meza	Amsterdam	1705
Jacob b. Mordecai	Amsterdam	1708
Jacob b. Mordecai b. Jacob	Prague	1597
Jacob b. Moses	Amsterdam	1696
Jacob (Ẓebi) b. Moses	Wilmersdorf	1688-90, 1712-17, 19-22, 26-38
	Fürth	1691-97, 1724-26, 38
	Sulzbach	1699-1712, 29
Jacob b. Moses Bohemus	Lublin	1556, 59, 66
Jacob b. Moses Drucker	Amsterdam	1690
Jacob b. Moses Kohen	Hanau	1710-11
Jacob (Eliezer) b. Moses Lesers of Wilna.	Cracow	1640
Jacob b. Moses Levi	Amsterdam	1690, 95, 97, 99, 1702-3, 4, 6, 5-10, 11-12, 14, 15, 21, 28, 30, 39
Jacob b. Moses Levi Josbel	Venice	1643, 47-48, 57, 61, 67
Jacob b. Moses-Loeb Pizker	Prague	1609
Jacob b. Moses of Posen	Dessau	1698
Jacob b. Naphtali	Cracow	1576-81?
Jacob b. Naphtali	Fürth	1723
	Wilmersdorf	1728-29, 30
	Sulzbach	1750
	Fürth	1757, 69
Jacob b. Naphtali (Hirsch)	Amsterdam	1683
	Dyhernfurth	1691, 93
Jacob b. Naphtali Kohen of Gazolo	Sabbionetta	1551
	Mantua	1556, 57-60, 60-62
Jacob (Koppel) b. Naphtali (Hirsch) Pas.	Amsterdam	1726, 30
Jacob ibn Phorna b. David	Constantinople	1710, 11, 13, 14
Jacob (Jokew) b. Phinehas Selig	Jessnitz	1722-26
Jacob (Israel) de la Pinia	Amsterdam	1664, 69
Jacob Rewah	Constantinople	1718
Jacob Rodriguez Guadeloupe b. Abraham	Amsterdam	1663-64, 69, 69
Jacob Sagdun	Venice	1648
Jacob b. Samuel	Amsterdam	1713
Jacob b. Samuel (Sanwel)	Fürth	1722
Jacob b. Samuel of Lemberg	Amsterdam	1697
Jacob Saraval b. Joshua Nehemiah	Venice	1640, 45
Jacob Sasportas	Amsterdam	1651, 53
Jacob (Israel) Shalom b. Samuel	Venice	1709
Jacob Sibuyah	Smyrna	1730, 58
Jacob b. Solomon	Amsterdam	1732
Jacob Stabnitz Levi	Prague	1607
Jacob Sullam	Venice	1614
Jacob Ṭabuḥ	Smyrna	1731
Jacob Treves b. Mattathias of Worms.	Prague	1614-15
Jacob b. Uzziel Solomon	Salonica	1709
Jacob Wimpfen b. Eliezer Wimpfen.	Amsterdam	1689
Jacob ibn Yaḳḳar	Constantinople	1511
Jacob b. Ẓebi	Wilmersdorf	1689-90
Jacob b. Ẓebi	Lublin	1637
	Amsterdam	1641, 43
	Verona	1649
	Constantinople	1654
	Cracow	1670
Jacob b. Ẓebi of Fürth	Sulzbach	1715
Jaffe (Ḥayyim b. Kolonymus)	Lublin	1572-96
Jaffe (Joseph [I.] b. Kalonymus).	Lublin	1572-75
Jaffe (Joseph [II.] b. Ẓebi Hirsch Ḳalmanḳes) .	Lublin	1633
Jaffe (Kalonymus [I.])	Lublin	1556-97
	Bistrowitz	1592
Jaffe (Kalonymus [II.] b. Ẓebi Hirsch Ḳalmanḳes).	Lublin	1635-46
Jaffe (Ẓebi b. [Abraham Ḳalmanḳes] Kalonymus).	Lublin	1577, 78, 96, 1604-28, 48
Jaffe, Sarah, daughter of Kalonymus (II.).	Lublin	1665
Jaffe (Solomon or Zalman b. Jacob Ḳalmanḳes) of Torbin.	Lublin	1665-85
Jedidiah Kohen b. Aryeh Judah Loeb.	Constantinople	1732
Jehiel (Michael b. Judah Loeb of Zolkiev).	Zolkiev	1718
Jehiel (Michael) b. Abraham Zalman Shammash.	Wilmersdorf	1670
	Prague	1674, 78
	Weckelsdorf	1686, 89, 92
Jehiel b. Asher Kohen	Cracow	1583
Jehiel Ashkenazi	Constantinople	1646-47
Jehiel (Michael) b. Baruch	Prague	1675
Jehiel Elia Rafael	Pisaur	1509-18
Jehiel b. Jedidiah	Cracow	1587
Jehiel b. Jekuthiel Kohen Rapa	Venice	1544-47
Jehiel Luria Ashkenazi	Venice	1601
Jehiel (Fishel) b. Menahem Levi Ashkenazi	Smyrna	1730-31
	Constantinople	1734, 36
Jehiel de Monteles b. Solomon	Venice	1585
Jehiel b. Solomon of Verona	Bologna	1537-40
Jehiel (Michael) Stern Kohen b. Wolf.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1713
	Hanau	1715
Jehiel Teshubah	Venice	1640
Jehiel Treves b. David of Galingen	Offenbach	1717
Jehiel b. Ẓebi Hirsch	Amsterdam	1703, 9
Jekuthiel b. Asher	Salonica	1587
Jekuthiel Blitz	Amsterdam	1659, 60, 61
Jekuthiel b. David	Prague	1597-1618
Jekuthiel b. Isaac Dan	Prague	1512, 15, 18
Jekuthiel (Süsskind) b. Isaac of Pinczow.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1726
	Offenbach	1714-26
Jekuthiel (Zalman) b. Katriel of Satanow.	Constantinople	1654
Jekuthiel b. Moses Kohen	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1702
Jekuthiel (Kofman) Sanego	Venice	1600
Jekuthiel b. Solomon	Cracow	1574
Jeremiah (Aryeb Loeb) b. Samuel	Fürth	1694, 98, 1722
Jeroham b. Menahem of Slonim	Amsterdam	1697
Jesse Almoli	Smyrna	1660
Joab b. Baruch of Piatelli (?)	Venice	1665
Joel b. Aaron of Fürth	Fürth	1692-93
Joel b. Aaron Levi	Lublin	1598-99
Joel b. Phoebus	Wandsbeck	1727
Johanan b. Aaron Isaac	Amsterdam	1713
Johanan Durante	Venice	1578
Johanan of Meseritz	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
Johanan Treves	Venice	1545
Jonah Abravanel	Amsterdam	1628, 30, 48, 50, 52
Jonah b. Isaac of Strim	Wandsbeck	1731
Jonah b. Jacob Ashkenazi	Constantinople	1712-42
	Ortakiewai	1717-19
	Amsterdam	1721
	Smyrna	1729-41
Jonah b. Judah of Prague	Prague	1608, 10
Jonah (Ḳlavi ?)	Venice	1666
Jonah b. Moses Polak	Amsterdam	1727, 29, 30, 32, 33, 39
Joseph (?)	Venice	1592
Joseph (Jekuthiel Kofman Wahl).	Prague	1587, 92
Joseph (Venturin b. David)	Venice	1651, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 75
Joseph (Maestro)	...............	1477
Joseph b. Abraham	Prague	1728
	Sulzbach	1729
	Amsterdam	1732
Joseph b. Abraham Benjamin Zeeb.	Amsterdam	1727
Joseph b. Abraham of Jerusalem.	Amsterdam	1712
Joseph b. Alexander Süsskind	Amsterdam	1677
Joseph Algazi	Smyrna	1671, 83
Joseph al-Ḳala'i	Constantinople	1711
Joseph Alnaqua b. Abraham	Salonica	1520
	Constantinople	1522
Joseph (Joseph) Alvalensi b. Abraham.	Venice	1676, 78
Joseph (ibn) Alzaig, the elder	Constantinople	1643
Joseph Alzaig b. Isaac, the younger.	Constantinople	1511
Joseph Amaragi b. Moses	Salonica	1653
Joseph b. Asher of Prague	Prague	1674-75
Joseph Askaloni b. Isaac	Belvedere (Kuru Chesme).	1593-94, 97-98
Joseph b. Benjamin Ḥayyim Levi.	Verona	1650
Joseph Bibas	Constantinople	1505-22
Joseph Caravita b. Abraham	Bologna	1482
Joseph (Simel) Cividal b. Asher	Venice	1665
Joseph Crasnik of Rakow	Prague	1732
Joseph di Crasto	Salonica	1522
Joseph ibn Danan b. Jacob.	Venice	1615, 17-19
Joseph b. Daniel	Cracow	1587-88
Joseph b. Eliakim b. Naphtali	Venice	1606
Joseph b. Eliezer Ḥalfan	Basel	1602
Joseph b. Eliezer Ḥazzan of Posen	Basel	1602
Joseph Elkeser b. Benjamin	Berlin (?)	1699-1700
Joseph b. Ephraim (Hungarus)	Lublin	1577
Joseph Epstein b. Benjamin Zeeb Wolf Levi.	Berlin	1713
Joseph Esobi b. Judah b. Solomon	Venice	1621
Joseph Falcon b. Solomon Zalman	Constantinople	1710
Joseph Franco Serrano	Amsterdam	1680, 83
Joseph Fürst	Hamburg	1716, 18
Joseph Gabbai	Constantinople	1512
Joseph b. Gershon of Torbin	Lublin	1627, 30
Joseph (Iseppo) Goa	Padua	1640
Joseph ibn Ḥassan b. Solomon	Salonica	1732
Joseph b. Ḥayyim Gumpels	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1677, 80, 86
	Prague	1691-92, 94-95, 1700-1
Joseph b. Ḥayyim Ḳaddish	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1688
Joseph Ḥazzan	Venice	1566, 67
Joseph b. Immanuel Kohen	Salonica	1517
Joseph b. Isaac b. Isaiah Woidislaw.	Dyhernfurth	1696, 97, 1700, 3, 4-5, 13, 16, 18, 20
Joseph b. Isaac b. Jehiel	Venice	1544
Joseph b. Isaac Kohen	Constantinople (?)	1547
Joseph b. Israel	Constantinople	1518
Joseph b. Israel (b.?) Hirsch	Prague	1691
Joseph b. Issachar Baer	Prague	1616, 21
Joseph ibn Jacob	Lublin	1618-20
Joseph ibn Jacob Ashkenazi	Naples	1487-90
Joseph ibn Jacob Braunschweig	Basel	1609
Joseph b. Jacob Kohen	Venice	1657, 59-60, 61, 75, 85, 1709, 12-15
Joseph ibn Jaḳḳar	Schenhausen	1544
Joseph b. Jekuthiel Zalman	Berlin	1715
Joseph (Jospe) b. Joseph But Levi	Prague.
Joseph b. Joshua (Hoeschel) Kohen.	Offenbach	1721
Joseph (Jospe) b. Judah	Lublin	1598-99
Joseph Ḳabiẓi b. Ayyid	Constantinople	1515
Joseph Khalfon	Lisbon	1491
Joseph Kohen	Constantinople	1509
Joseph b. Kutiel	Dessau	1698
Joseph de Leon b. Solomon Israel.	Venice	1690-91, 93, 94
Joseph b. Manasseh b. Israel	Amsterdam	1646-47, 47, 48
Joseph (Solomon) b. Mendel Plotzkers.	Cracow	1642-44
Joseph b. Meshullam Phoebus Ḥazzan.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1701-2
Joseph Meṭaṭron	Salonica.
Joseph b. Michael Nehemiah	Hamburg	1711
Joseph b. Molcho	Venice	1589
Joseph b. Mordecai Gershon	Cracow	1571
Joseph b. Mordecai Kohen	Amsterdam	1708
Joseph b. Moses Levi of Hamburg.	Amsterdam	1692-93, 99, 1702, 3-6, 11, 14, 16, 18-19, 26, 30
Joseph b. Moses Reviẓi (Rachiẓi ?)	Venice	1528-29
Joseph Mubḥar Sefardi	Constantinople	1509
Joseph b. Naphtali (Treves ?)	Zurich	1558
	Thiengen	1560
Joseph b. Naphtali of Konskawola	Amsterdam	1648
Joseph b. Nathan	Fürth	1726
Joseph Nissim	Ferrara	1693
Joseph de Noves b. Judah b. Samuel.	Venice	1605
Joseph Oberlaender	Venice	1701
Joseph Ottolengo	Riva di Trenta	1558-60
Joseph Pardo	Venice	1597-1606
Joseph (Solomon) Pinia	Leghorn	1657
Joseph ibn Piso	Naples	1492
Joseph Porjes b. Judah Loeb	Amsterdam	1709
Joseph Samega	Venice	1587
Joseph (b.?) (Moses) b. Samson	Venice	1598
Joseph b. Samuel Levi	Constantinople	1546-47
Joseph ibn Saruḳ b. Ḥayyim	Venice	1591, 1607-8
Joseph Sason	Constantinople	1726
Joseph Sason b. Aaron of Gallipoli.	Venice	1618
Joseph Sason b. Jacob	Venice	1584, 98-1600
Joseph b. Shabbethai Bass	Dyhernfurth	1707-18
Joseph Shalliṭ	...............	1550-73
Joseph ibn Shoshan	Constantinople	1520-22
Joseph Sid b. Isaac	Salonica	1529, 35
Joseph b. Simeon	Amsterdam	1717
Joseph (Dob Baer) b. Solomon	Dyhernfurth	1713, 15, 17, 19
Joseph b. Solomon b. Isaiah Nizza	Venice	1711, 12
Joseph (Sofer) b. Solomon Levi	Cracow	1597-98
Joseph (Ḥayyim) Strasburg b. Aaron.	Bologna	1482
Joseph (Jospe) Trier Kohen	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1690-1715
Joseph Trillinger b. Eliezer	...............	1707
Joseph Wehle b. Solomon	Amsterdam	1685-87
	Zolkiev	1693-96
	Berlin	1699, 1700, 17
Joseph of Witzenhausen	Amsterdam	1644, 47-48, 68-70, 73, 76, 79-86
Joseph ibn Yaḥyah b. Tam	Constantinople	1542, 43
Joseph b. Zalman Shneor	Fürth	1691-92, 98
Joseph b. (Solomon) Zalman of Wilna	Amsterdam	1726, 27, 29
Joseph Ẓarfati	Amsterdam	1693, 1702
Joseph Ẓarfati b. Judah of Ẓafat	Lublin	1613
Joseph Ẓarfati b. Samuel	Venice	1525
Joseph (Josbel) b. Ẓebi	Offenbach	1716-19
Joshua (Elhanan) b. Abraham Joseph.	Venice	1730
Joshua Falk of Lissa	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
Joshua b. Israel	Lublin	1619-28
Joshua (Gershon) Levi	Mantua	1672
Joshua b. Meïr Levi of Schwersenz.	Wilmersdorf	1727
Joshua b. Michael of Sezze	Mantua	1718-32
Joshua da Silva	Amsterdam	1666-67
Joshua Sin (?).
Joshua (Hoeschel) b. Solomon Kohen.	Offenbach	1719
Joshua Sonina	Constantinople	1717, 19
Joshua (Falk) b. Zalman of Wiscnowicz.	Constantinople	1710-11
Joshua Ẓarfati (Gallus)	Amsterdam	1658-59, 66
Josiah b. Abigdor of Kalisz	Berlin	1699, 1700
Josiah Mizraḥi	Constantinople	1711
Judah (Loeb) b. Aaron of Prague	Prague	1691, 95, 1700, 1, 7, 10
Judah (Loeb) b. Abraham	Cracow	1642-44
Judah Abudienti	Amsterdam	1675
Judah Albelda b. Moses	Venice	1600-1, 2
Judah b. Alexander Kohen	Prague	1602, 3-4, 5, 6, 9-10, 10, 11, 13, 14, 35, 48
	Lublin	1630, 39
	Cracow	1631
Judah b. Alexander Levi of Worms.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1697
Judah (Loeb) b. Asher Anschel Abigdor.	Prague	1669
	Cracow	1670
Judah (Loeb) b. Baruch Wahl	Dyhernfurth	1725
Judah Bassan b. Samuel	Verona	1650
Judah b. Benjamin Zeeb	Prague	1688
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1691
Judah of Berlin	Amsterdam	1682
Judah Briel	Mantua	1672, 94-95
Judah (Lewa) b. David	Prague	1615
Judah b. David b. Judah	Cracow	1644
Judah b. David (Isaac Saekel) Levi of Fürth	Berlin	1709
Judah b. David Reuben	Venice	1661
Judah b. Eleazar Lubemila	...............	1603
Judah (Selig) b. Eliezer Lipman Kohen of Zolkiev.	Zolkiev	1721, 33
Judah (Loeb) Ginzburg.
Judah b. Hananiah Castoriano	Constantinople	1732
Judah Ḥazzan	Smyrna	1730
Judah (Loeb) Hurwitz Levi of Prague.	Sulzbach	1688
Judah b. Isaac	Prague	1660, 62
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac Brzesc	Amsterdam	1713
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac Joel	Amsterdam	1712
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac Jüdels Kohen (Kaẓ).	...............	1619-20, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28
Judah b. Isaac Levi	Mantua	1623
Judah b. Isaac Levi Ashkenazi	Venice	1544-47, 48
	Mantua	1561
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac of Tikotin	Lublin	1619
Judah b. Israel Samuel Kohen	Prossnitz	1603
Judah b. Issachar Kohen	Wilmersdorf	1673-75
Judah (Loeb) b. Jacob of Prostitz.	Lublin	1602-5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 19
Judah (Loeb) b. Jacob Wandsbeck of Krotoschin.	Hamburg	1686, 88, 90
Judah (Loeb) b. Joel b. Eliezer.	...............	1724
Judah (Loeb) b. Joel Levi	Amsterdam	1698
Judah b. (Joseph) Josbel Wetzlar	Offenbach	1720
Judah (Loeb) b. Joseph	Wilmersdorf	1671, 73-74, 80, 81-82, 85-86, 88-90
Judah (Loeb) b. Joseph	Cracow	1592, 94, 99
Judah (Loeb) b. Joseph	Berlin	1699-1700
Judah b. Joseph Levi	Constantinople	1716
Judah b. Joseph Obadiah	Constantinople	1666
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) b. Joseph Samuel	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1713
Judah (Loeb) b. Judah Joseph	Amsterdam	1700
Judah (Loeb) b. Judah Kohen	Lublin	1626-35
Judah Karo b. Joseph	Salonica	1597
Judah (Loeb) Klesmer b. Wolf	Berlin	1701, 7
Judah (Loeb) b. Ẓebi of Janow	Jessnitaz	1722-23
Judah Lapapa b. Isaac	Smyrna	1674
Judah Luria b. Johanan	Amsterdam	1700-10
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) of Lublin	Cracow	1571
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) Maeler b. Joseph.	Amsterdam	1663
Judah di Medina b. Moses Sustin.	Salonica	1614
Judah (Loeb) b. Meïr	Hambarg	1687
Judah (Loeb) b. Menahem	Dyhernfurth	1749
Judah (Loeb) b. Menahem Nahum Kaẓ.	Prague	1686
Judah di Modena	...............	1595-1648
Judah (Loeb) b. Mordecai Gumpel	Amsterdam	1631-32, 37, 40, 42, 43-46, 53, 58, 61-64
Judah (Loeb) b. Mordecai b. Judah.	Dyhernfurth	1719
Judah (Saltaro) b. Moses de Fano.	Venice	1602
Judah (Loeb) b. Moses Jacob of Leipnik.	Prague	1608, 13, 18, 24
Judah (Loeb) b. Moses Schedel	Prague	1602, 3, 4, 5, 6-7, 8, 9, 13
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) b. Naphtali (Hirsch).	Amsterdam	1690
Judah b. Nathan of Cracow	Cremona	1565
Judah (Loeb) Nikolsburg	...............	1700 (?)
Judah Perez	Venice	1706-11
Judah Pesaro	Pesaro	1505
Judah Rosanes	Constantinople	1719
Judah (Loeb) b. Sara	Amsterdam	1701
Judah Sason b. Joseph	Constantinople	1514, 15, 16
Judah (Loeb) Schnapper	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1710
Judah (Gur Aryeh) b. Shalom	Naples	1492
Judah Shamu	Venice	1665
Judah b. Simḥah	Cracow	1592-93
Judah (Loeb Rofe) b. Simeon	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1677
Judah b. Solomon Kohen Lipschütz.	Lublin	1622 (17-?)
Judah ibn Ya'ish	Venice	1705
Kalonymus b. Isaac b. Isaiah of Woidislaw	Prossnitz	1711
	Dyhernfurth	1712, 13, 15, 19, 20, 26
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1717
Kalonymus b. Isaac of Zloczow	Dyhernfurth	1703
Kalonymus (Kalman) b. Judah Ashkenazi.	Constantinople	1719, 20
Kalonymus (Kalman) b. Judah (Loeb) Kalisch.	Amsterdam	1721
Kalonymus b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Kohen b. Kalonymus.	Dyhernfurth	1703, 5, 7, 12-13, 19
Katriel b. Jekuthiel Zalman of Satanow.	Constantinople	1648
Katriel b. Ẓebi Szidlower	Cracow	1638-39, 42
	Lublin	1645
	Cracow	1666, 70
Kaẓ	Prague	1682, 85, 89, 92-95, 98-1700, 2, 6
Kaẓ	Prague	1687-1726, 35
Kaẓ (Aaron b. Israel)	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1677, 80
	Prague	1695
Kaẓ (Bezaleel b. Mordecai)	Prague	1569, 78, 85-90 (92?)
Kaẓ (David b. Aaron b. Israel)	Prague	1701, 3, 8
Kaẓ (Geronim b. Solomon)	Prague	1526
Kaẓ (Gershon [II.] b. Israel	Prague	1569
Kaẓ (Gershon [III.] b. Joseph bezaleel).	Prague	1586, 89, 95-96, 1600, 8, 9, 10
Kaẓ (Israel b. Judah [Loeb]	Prague	1652 (?)
Kaẓ (Judah b. Gershon)	Prague	1541
Kaẓ (Judah b. Jacob)	Prague	1624
Kaẓ (Mordecai b. Gershon)	Prague	1529-90
Kaẓ (Mordecai [II.] b. Gershon)	Prague	1608, 20, 23, 24
Kaẓ (Moses b. Gershon)	Prague	1533-34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 49-50, 56
Kaẓ (Moses [II.] b. Joseph Bezaleel).	Prague	1592-94, 99-1635, 47 (?), 48 (?)
Kaẓ (Pesaḥ b. Mordecai)	Prague	1556-69
Kaẓ (Samuel b. Mordecai)	Prague	1569, 78
Kaẓ (Solomon [I.] b. Gershon	Prague	1529, 30, 33-34, 35, 36, 40
Kaẓ (Solomon [III.] b. Gershon).	Prague	1608
Kaẓ (Solomon [II.] b. Mordecai).	Prague	1569, 80-81, 85-88, 90, 92-94
Kaz Gershon (I.)	Prague	1515, 18, 22, 26, 29, 30, 41
Klessner (Georg) of Leipsic	Jessnitz	1720
Koffman b. Asher of Lubin	Constantinople	1711
Kosmann Emrich b. Elijah Cleve	Amsterdam	1688-89, 92-97
Lemberger (Abraham b. Simeon Heide).	Prague	1610, 12, 13-28
Leon-Templo (Isaac b. Solomon Judah).	Amsterdam	1726
Leon-Templo (Solomon)	Amsterdam	1726-27, 30, 31
Leon-Templo (Solomon Judah Raphael b. Jacob).	Amsterdam	1697-99, 1703
Levi	Venice	1602
Levi Laniado (and Isaac Laniado).	Venice	1657
Levi b. Süsschen	Amsterdam	1701
Levi Tilio	Constantinople	1652
Licht (Johann)	Hamburg	1715
Lima b. Naphtali of Fürth	Amsterdam	1711
Lipmann b. Abraham	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1688
Mahalalel b. Menahem Isaac Levi	Mantua	1713, 24
Mahrim b. (Moses) Jacob Maarssen.	Amsterdam	1710, 15, 20
Mahrim b. Jacob b. Moses Levi	Amsterdam	1726-29, 30, 35, 39-40, 46
Manasseh b. Israel	Amsterdam	1626-40
Manasseh (Jacob) b. Judah Levi of Lubemil.	Cracow	1590
Manasseh Kazin b. Solomon	Venice	1599-1600
Margalita (Aaron)	Halle	1711
Masus b. Alexander	Amsterdam	1730
Meïr	Verona	1647
Meïr b. Asher	Venice	1565, 74
Meïr b. David	Prague	1512, 15, 18, 22, 26, 29
Meïr b. David b. Benjamin	Hamburg	1715, 20
Meïr b. David of Kulk	Lublin	1627
	Cracow	1642-44
Meïr b. Eliezer Lipman Kaẓ (Kohen).	Prossnitz	1711
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1717
	Dyhernfurth	1718-20
Meïr b. Ephraim	Mantua	1557-60, 63-87
Meïr b. Epstein b. Jacob Levi	Prague	1515, 18, 22
Meïr Friedburg	Hanau	1719
Meïr Gans b. Menahem	Prague	1647 (?)
Meïr (Menahem) Ḥabib b. Joseph.	Venice	1657
Meïr Heilbronn (Heilpron) b. Moses.	Cremona	1557-58
	Mantua	1563
Meïr b. Isaac of Loktsch	Sulzbach	1702
Meïr b. Jacob Koppel	Hamburg	1711
Meïr b. Joseph (Jospe) Kohen of Hamburg.	Offenbach	1717
Meïr b. Manasseh Nikolsburg	Prague	1680
Meïr Melli	Venice	1617-19
Meïr b. Mordecai Levi	Lublin	1568
Meïr b. Naphtali Kossowitz	Prague	1691
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1698
	Prague	1709, 13, 14, 28, 35-36
Meïr Oettingen	Offenbach	1722
Meïr Oppenheim b. Abraham b. Baer.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1697
Meïr Parenz	Venice	1545-75
Meïr b. Pethahiah	Lublin	1643
Meïr Rofe b. Ḥiyya Rofe	Venice	1657
Meïr ibn Schangi	Constantinople	1586
Meïr b. Selig of Kalisch	Halle	1710
Meïr b. Shalom	Lublin	1568
Meïr b. Solomon	Lublin	1681
Meïr b. Wolf Schwab	Amsterdam	1722-24
Meïr (ibn) Yaḥya b. Joseph	Fano	1506
Meïr b. Zechariah	Venice	1639-61
Meisel(s)(s) (Judah Loeb b. Simḥah Bonem).	Lublin	1648
	Cracow	1663-70
Meisels (Menahem)	Lublin	1623-27
	Cracow	1631-59
Meisels (Tchernah bat Menahem)	Cracow	1638-39, 46
Menahem b. Aaron Polacco	Venice	1704-5, 8, 11, 12, 19, 28, 30, 60
Menahem b. Abraham Kohen	Venice	1648
Menahem (Mannes) b. Abraham Kohen of Glogad.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1694
Menahem b. Abraham of Modena.	Bologna	1537-40
Menahem Azariah	Venice	1589
Menahem (Mendel) b. Bezaleel of Lublin.	Lublin	1665, 72, 80-81
Menahem (Mendel) Bloch b. Moses	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1713
Menahem Crispin	Salonica	1709
Menahem Dayyan	Constantinople	1525
Menahem (Man) b. Eliezer	Amsterdam	1699
Menahem (Jacob) b. Eliezer Judah Ashkenazi.	Venice	1606
Menahem (Mandel) Grünhut b. David.	Hanau	1717
Menahem (Mendel) b. (Bär) Hirschel.	Prague	1689-90, 92, 1701
	Berlin	1703
	Prague	1714, 20, 28,
Menahem (Man) b. Isaac (Jacob) of Prague.	Prague	1668
	Wilmersdorf	1671, 73-74, 80, 81
	Sulzbach	1684-88
	Dyhernfurth	1689-90, 93
Menahem Mendel b. Isaac Levi.	Cracow	1587-88
Menahem (Mendel) b. Israel Kohen Jaroslaw of Lemberg.	Amsterdam	1690
Menahem b. Jacob of Cracow	Venice	1712
Menahem (Man) b. Jacob Jekuthiel.	Wandsbeck	1732
	Altona	1735
Menahem b. (Noah) Jacob Kohen of Norden.	Amsterdam	1649, 76
Menahem Jaffe b. Isaac	Venice	1631
	Constantinople	1648
	Venice	1657
Menahem (Manusch) b. Judah	Hanau	1712
	Sulzbach	1716-17
	Fürth	1723-26
	Offenbach	1729
	Homburg	1734
Menahem b. Meïr Wilna	Amsterdam	1663, 69
Menahem Mendel Korchman b. Samuel Kohen.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1701-2
Menahem b. Moses Israel	Prague	1549-50
	Ferrara	1555
Menahem (Mendel) b. Nathan Eisenstadt.	Prague	1705
Menahem de Rossi b. Azariah	Mantua	1565
Menahem b. Samuel Esra	...............	1614
Menahem (Man) b. Solomon Levi.	Amsterdam	1724-27, 32, 33, 38-39
Menahem Stummer Kohen	Prague	1686-90
Menahem Trinḳi b. David	Venice	1622
Menahem (Manle b. Judah Loeb) of Wilmersdorf.	Dyhernfurth	1690-91
	Sulzbach	1701
	Hanau	1710-12
	Wilmersdorf	1713-14
	Berlin	1716-17
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1717
Meshullam (Phoebus) b. Aaron Ḥayyaṭ.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1703, 12, 25, 29
Meshullam (Zalman) b. Aaron b. Uri.	Sulzbach	1716-17, 22, 67 (?)
Meshullam (Zalman) b. Abraham Berech Pinkerle.	Amsterdam	1683, 84-85, 85
	Venice	1700, 4
Meshullam Ashkenazi	Venice	1685
Meshullam Bassan	Venice	1587
Meshullam Cusi	Piove di Sacco.	1475
Meshullam Cusi Levi	Venice	1614
Meshullam (Phoebus) b. Elijah	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1709, 11-12, 29, 32
Meshullam Gentile b. Moses	Mantua	1673
Meshullam (Phoebus Zalman) Hurwitz.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1703, 5, 8, 11-12, 13, 29
Meshullam Hurwitz Levi	Prague	1647, 48, 63
	Wilmersdorf	1671, 73
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1677
	Sulzbach	1695-96 (?)
Meshullam (Phoebus) b. Isaac	Amsterdam	1715
Meshullam (Kofmann) b. Shemaiah.	Venice	1515-46, 49, 52
Meshullam b. Solomon	Lublin	1556, 59, 66
Meshullam Sullam (Salem?) b. Isaac.	Mantua	1589-90
Michael b. Abraham	Berlin	1699-1700
Michael Diaz Mocatto	Leghorn	1650-52, 55-57
Michael G'acon (?)	Constantinople	1732
Michael Hanau b. Solomon	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1717, 20
Michael b. Ḥayyim Talmesingen.	Fürth	1727
Michael b. Yom-Ṭob Kohen	Salonica	1732
Mordecai	Verona	1647
Mordecai b. Abraham of Posen	Offenbach	1718
Mordecai b. Abraham Teimer of Zolkiev.	Dyhernfurth	1715
	Amsterdam	1717-18, 20
Mordecai Alfandari b. Shabbethai	Constantinople	1719, 23
Mordecai of Ansbach	Fürth	1692-93, 1701
Mordecai ibn 'Aṭṭhar b. Reuben	Amsterdam	1721
Mordecai Azulai b. Moses	Amsterdam	1693, 97
Mordecai b. Baruch of Tivoli.	Venice	1585
Mordecai b. Benjamin Zeeb of Cracow.	Prague	1657
	Cracow	1670
Mordecai b. David	Prague	1512
Mordecai (Gumpel) b. Eleazar Hendels.
Mordecai Gener Baermann Halberstadt.	Amsterdam	1712
Mordecai b. Jacob of Prostitz	Lublin	1596, 1602-5
	Prague	1608, 9
	Hanau	1610
	Basel	1622
	Hanau	1623-25
Mordecai (Baer) Jakerl	Prague	1705
Mordecal b. Jehiel Michael Slawa tich.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1690
Mordecai b. Joseph Judah Wahl	Basel	1611-12
Mordecai (Gumpel) b. Judah Loeb (b. Mordecai) Polak.	Amsterdam	1648-50, 50-51, 53, 56, 58, 60-64, 66, 67, 70-71, 83, 89
Mordecai b. Moses Levi	Basel	1580
Mordecai b. Moses Menahem Nahum.	Berlin	1703
	Prague	1705-6, 9-10
Mordecai b. Naphtali	Basel	1612
Mordecai b. Naphtall Hirz	Fürth	1692
	Amsterdam	1702
Mordecai b. Reuben Basla	Soncino	1489
Mordecai Saul b. Samuel Saul	Venice	1607
Mordecai b. Shabbethai	Basel	1598, 1618-19
Mordecai b. Simḥah	Venice	1576
Mordecai Sofer of Prague	Prague	1512
Mordecai b. Solomon	Amsterdam	1732
Moses (b....?)	Lublin	1646
Moses (Moses b. Moses ?)	Cracow	1586, 92-93
Moses b. (Aaron?) of Zolkiev	Zolkiev	1718
Moses b. Aaron Ashkenazi	Constantinople	1652
Moses b. Aaron Kohen of Witmund.	Amsterdam	1727
Moses b. Aaron of Worms	Amsterdam	1650, 53, 56-57, 58, 61-63, 64-66, 70-71, 80
Moses b. Abraham Abinu	Amsterdam	1686, 87, 90-94
	Halle	1709-14
Moses b. Abraham Kohen	Wilmersdorf	1721-23, 27-28, 30, 32
Moses b. Abraham of Leipnik	Lublin	1619
Moses b. Abraham Nathan	Lublin	1636 (?)
Moses Abulafia	Venice	1587
Moses b. Alexander Levi	Basel	1610
Moses Alfalas	Venice	1598-1600
Moses Altaras	Venice	1619
Moses (Nathaniel) Altschul b. Aaron Freund of Prague.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
Moses Amarillo b. Solomon	Salonica	1719, 22
Moses (Isaac) b. Assher	Prague	1668, 1673-75
Moses b. Asher Kohen of Halle	Jessnitz	1725
Moses (Simeon) Basilia b. Shabbethai.	Verona	1652
Moses Belmonte	Amsterdam	1644-45
Moses Benveniste	Venice	1647
Moses Ben-Ẓion	Mantua	1667
Moses (ibn Yaḳḳar) Brandon	Amsterdam	1708-10
Moses Carillo	Smyrna	1659
Moses Corcos	Venice	1606 (?)
Moses b. Daniel of Rohatyn	Zolkiev	1693
Moses b. David	Amsterdam	1723
Moses Diaz b. Isaac	...............	1706-13(15?)
Moses Dorheim	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1719, 23
Moses b. Eliezer	Venice	1614
Moses b. Eliezer	Cracow	1640
Moses b. Eliezer of Wilna	Lublin	1622
Moses b. Ezra	Cracow	1571
Moses Facilino b. Samuel	Constantinople	1516
Moses Falcon b. Samuel	Salonica	1719-29, 32
Moses Frankfurter	Amsterdam	1721
Moses Gabbai	Venice	1578
Moses Gabbai	Salonica	1658
Moses Gifrut	Smyrna	1730, 58, 64
Moses Gomez Mesquita b. Isaac	Amsterdam	1707-8
Moses Ḥabib	Naples	1488
Moses Ḥagiz	Venice	1703-4
	Amsterdam	1708-14
	Wandsbeck	1726-33
Moses b. Ḥalifah Sa'adia	Venice	1711
Moses Ḥalimi b. Solomon	Constantinople	1518
Moses Hamon b. Joseph	Constantinople	1515, 16, 46
Moses Hausen b. Joseph Moses	Sulzbach	1684-85, 88
	Fürth	1701
Moses (David) Hausen b. Zalman.	Venice	1704-5
Moses (David Tebele) b. Ḥayyim Koethen.	Wandsbeck	1723
Moses b. Ḥayyim of Tikotin	Offenbach	1722
Moses Heilprin b. Phinehas	Amsterdam	1650, 62
Moses Hock b. Isaac	Prague	1694
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1698
	Berlin	1699-1701
	Prague	1710, 18-20
Moses b. Isaac	Naples	1492
Moses b. Isaac	Constantinople	1716-17, 19
	Salonica	1719, 31
Moses b. Isaiah b. Isaac	Cracow	1604
Moses b. Israel (Isser) Lasar Cracow.	Lublin	1636
	Cracow	1646
Moses b. Issachar (Baermann) Wink.	Amsterdam	1725-26, 26-27, 32-33, 39-40
Moses b. Jacob Gelhaar of Prague	Prague	1609-10, 13, 14, 16 (17?), 20, 23
Moses b Jacob Maarsen Levi of Amsterdam.	Altona	1728
	Hamburg	1741
	Rödelheim	1753
	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1756
	Metz	1764
Moses b. Jacob of Slutzk	Jessnitz	1724
Moses Jaffe	Venice	1645
Moses b. Jonah Gamburg	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1722-28
Moses b. Joseph	Lublin	1642, 48
Moses b. Joseph	Amsterdam	1695
Moses b. Joseph Aryeh	Venice	1606
Moses b. Joseph (b. Isaac Isaiah of Woidislaw).	Prossnitz	1711
	Dyhernfurth	1719
	Jessnitz	1720-26
	Dyhernfurth	1726
	Wandsbeck	1727, 28
Moses b. Joseph Emden	Amsterdam	1698
Moses b. Judah (Loeb) Cleve	Jessnitz	1722
Moses b. Judah of Emden	Amsterdam	1718
Moses (Menahem Nahum) b. Judah (Loeb) Kaz.	Lublin	1648
	Prague	1657, 60, 62, 74-75, 78
	Weckeisdorf	1682, 86, 90
	Fürth	1691-92, 94, 97
	Prague	1705-6 (?)
Moses Ḳala'i b. Mattithiah b. Samuel.	Venice	1599-1600
Moses Kalaẓ (khallaẓ)	Constantinople	1536-37
Moses b. Kalman Speler	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1721
Moses Levi Ashkenazi of Modena.	Constantinople	1509
Moses Levi Ḥazzan	Venice	1598
Moses Levi Muja	Venice	1675-78
Moses Maḥbub b. Maimon	Constantinople	1520-22, 42
Moses Maguro b. Daniel	Venice	1693, 94, 96
Moses di Medina b. Samuel	Salonica	1593-1615
Moses di Medina b. Shemaiah	Mantua	1648
Moses (Yom-Ṭob Lipmann) b. Menahem (Man) b. Isaac Jacob.	Dyhernfurth	1693
	Sulzbach	1688
Moses Mendez Coutinho b. Abraham.	Amsterdam	1695, 99-1711
Moses b. Meshullam (Zalman)	...............	1727
Moses ibn Minir	Venice	1593
Moses Minz Levi b. Asher	Amsterdam	1713
Moses Minz Levi b. Isaac Menahem b. Moses	Venice	1601
Moses (Hezekiah) b. Mocatta	Amsterdam	1708
Moses b. Moses	Cracow	1594, 96, 99
Moses b. Moses	Wilmersdorf	1726-28
Moses b. Moses Meïr Kohen	Lublin	1591
Moses b. Nathan Hamelburg	Amsterdam	1644, 49
Moses (Raphael) Ottolenghi b. Samuel David.	Amsterdam	1712
Moses Parnas b. Eleazar	Constantinople	1546-47, 47-50, 54
Moses Pereira	Amsterdam	1688
Moses Phorno	Smyrna	1731
Moses Pinto Delgado	Amsterdam	1644
Moses Poki	Constantinople	1581
Moses (Aryeh) Posen	Berlin	1715
Moses Principal	Venice	1617
Moses Sachs b. Simeon of Posen	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1705
Moses Saertels	Prague	1606, 11
Moses b. Samuel (Sanvel)	Hamburg	1690
Moses b. Samuel Kohen of Brzesc	Amsterdam	1709
Moses b. Saul Pauer	Lublin	1571-72
Moses Schedel	Prague	1585-1605
Moses Selimi	Constantinople	1522
Moses Shabbethai b. Ḥayyim Sabbata.	Salonica	1651
Moses b. Shabbethai of Loktsch	Prague	1590
Moses b. Shneor (Zalman) Kohen.	Amsterdam	1707
	Berlin	1715
Moses ibn Shoshan	Sabbionetta	1554-55
Moses Simeon	Salonica	1621
Moses b. Simeon	Amsterdam	1687
Moses b. Simeon (b.) Anschel Herzel's.	Wilmersdorf	1671-73
	Prague	1686
Moses b. Simḥah Bonem	Dessau	1696-1701, 4
	Jessnitz	1720
Moses Solomon	Cracow	1642
Moses b. Solomon Ashkenazi	Venice	1713
Moses b. Solomon Levi	Amsterdam	1669
Moses Spira b. Jacob	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1719
Moses Taranto	Smyrna	1730
Moses Ṭarfon	Venice	1606
Moses Tausk b. Phinehas Shoḥeṭ.	Dyhernfurth	1696, 97
	Berlin	1699, 1705, 9, 14-15, 17
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1724-25, 33
Moses Trinco Levi of Morea	Venice	1620
Moses Utiz b. Eliezer	Prague	1610, 12
Moses (Ḥai) Venturin b. Joseph.	Venice	1707
Moses of Vienna	Prague	1623
Moses Waag	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1711-12
Moses Weisswasser b. Katriel	Mantua	1589, 93
	Prague	1595-97
	Cracow	1598
	Prague	1605-6, 9, 10, 14, 18, 21-22
Moses Welsch	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1704
Moses b. Zachariah Kohen Corfu	Venice	1546, 49, 51, 53, 76
Moses Zacuto	Venice	1648-72
	Mantua	1673-95
Moses (Ḥayyim) Ẓalach	Venice	1665
Moses Ẓarfati di Gerona	Amsterdam	1726
Moses b. Zebi	Dyhernfurth	1690-91
Moses b. Ẓebi Kalonymus of Halberstadt	Amsterdam	1712
Moses b. Zerah Ashkenazi	Constantinople	1726
Naḥman b. Jacob of Lublin	Lublin	1648 (?)
Naḥman b. Jehiel of Dessau	Jessnitz	1724
Naḥmias (David ibn)	Constantinople	1503-11
Naḥmias (Samuel b. David)	Constantinople	1503-11, 11-22
Nahum Kohen	Amsterdam	1669
Naphtali (?)	Lublin	1648
Naphtali b. Aaron Ashkenazi	Venice	1704-5
Naphtali Altschul b. Tobiah	Cracow	1593-94, 98
Naphtali (Herzel) Altschüler b. (Jacob) Ascher Anschel b. Naphtali Herzel.	Prague	1629, 49
Naphtali Ashkenazi b. Joseph	Salonica	1596-97
	Venice	1601-2
Naphtali (Hirsch) b. Azriel Wilna	Constantinople	1510-11
Naphtali (Hirsch) b. Jacob	Amsterdam	1683-85
Naphtali (Ẓebi) b. Jacob	Venice	1649
Naphtali (Ẓebi) b. Jacob Levi of Gnesen.	Berlin	1715
Naphtali (Hirz) b. Judah Lima of Essen.	Sulzbach	1615-17
Naphtali (Hirsch) b. Moses of Gojetein.	Prague	1595
Naphtali (Ẓebi Hirsch) b. Moses Tobiah (Gutmann).	Cracow	1625
Naphtali (Hirsch) Pappenheim	Amsterdam	1650, 56, 56-57, 58
Naphtali b. Samuel Heida	Prague	1675, 82, 86
Naphtali Schwarz	Lublin	1568
Naphtali (Hirz) b. Simson Langlos	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1692
Nathan Auerbach b. Moses of Wisnicz.	Wilmersdorf	1726-27
	Altona	1732
Nathan b. David Levi	Lublin	1614
Nathan b. Gershon Ashkenazi	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1699
Nathan Gota (Gutta ?) b. Isaac b. Abraham.	Venice	1629-30
Nathan b. Isaac Friedburg	Cracow	1593
Nathan (Feitel) b. Judah	Amsterdam	1700-10
Nathan Michelbach b. Eliezer	Basel	1612
Nathan (Pheibel) b. Moses	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1702
Nathan b. Moses Petlitzer	Cracow	1569-71
Nathan de Salo	Ferrara	1477
Nathan b. Samuel	Amsterdam	1726
Nathan (Nata) b. Samuel	Fürth	1722-27
Nathan (Nata) b. Simeon of Posen.	Lublin	1623-27
Nathan b. Solomon Ashkenazi	Venice	1605
Nathanael Ḥalfan b. Perez	Trini	1525
Nathanael b. Judah	Lublin	1623-27
Nathanael b. Levi of Jerusalem	Naples	1487-92
Nehemiah b. Abraham	Amsterdam	1721-27 (26?)
Neumark (Nathan b. Loeb)	Berlin	1719-26
Neumark, Moses (or Judah Loeb).	Berlin	1699-1703(?)
Nicolai (Christian)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1699
Nissim b. Azriel	Hanau	1712
Nissim Ḥalfan b. Abba-Mari	Venice	1545
Nissim b. Ḥayyim Ashkenazi	Constantinople	1732
Nissim (David) b. Moses	Venice	1719
Nissim ibn Shoshan	...............	1597, 99, 1601, 3-4, 5
Nissim Vileisit	Constantinople	1643
Noah Casirino	Mantua	1653
Noah b. Hezekiah	Prague	1675
Noah b. Samuel	Lublin	1623-27
Obadiah Maron and Jehiel d'Italia	Mantua	1672
Obadiah Sabbakh	Constantinople	1578
Obadiah b. Zachariah	Venice	1549
Paulus of Prague	Helmstadt	1580
Pelta ( = Paltai) of Meseritz	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
Perugia (Joshua b. Judah Samuel)	Mantua	1648
Perugia (Judah Samuel)	Mantua	1622-26
Perugia (Judah Samuel)	Mantua	1657, 59, 61, 62, 64
Perugia, Louis of (?)	Mantua	1667-72, 95, 99
Pethahiah (Moses) b. Joseph of Ofen	Prague	1586, 90-92
Phinehas b. Eliakim	Amsterdam	1706, 10
Phinehas Heilpron b. Judah of Neuersdorf.	Basel	1602
Phoebus b. Menahem b. Phoebus.	Offenbach	1723
Pinne bat Wolf	Berlin	1717
Polychron b. Isaac	Constantinople	1726-37
Proops (Solomon)	Amsterdam	1704-34
Proops' Heirs	Amsterdam	1734-1849
Pugil (Johann Kaspar)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1704
Raḥamim Ḥalfon	Venice	1711
Raphael	Hague	1518-19
Raphael Abbas b. Joshua	Amsterdam	1709
Raphael Altschul b. Mordecai Gumpel of Prague.	Fürth	1691-92
Raphael Ḥayyim Supino (Sopino ?)	Leghorn	1651-52
Raphael (Ḥayyim) d'Italia	Mantua	1724
Raphael b. Moses b. Isaac Judah	Cracow	1667, 70
Raphael di Palasios b. Joshua	Amsterdam	1714-16
Raphael b. Solomon of Lithuania	...............	1692
Raphael b. Samuel	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1683
Raphael de Silva b. Solomon	Venice	1656
Raphael Talmi b. Immanuel of Forli.	Bologna	1537-40
Raphael Treves	Constantinople	1711
Rebecca bat Isaac b. Judah Jüdels	Wilmersdorf	1677
Reichel bat Isaac b. Judah Jüdels.	Wilmersdorf	1677, 79, 80, 82
	Sulzbach	1691
	Fürth	1692-99, 1701
Reis (Hirz b. Seligmann)	Offenbach	1715
Reis (Isaac Eisak b. Hirz)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1687
Reis (Seligmann b. Hirz)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1687, 1706-11
	Homburg	1711-12
	Offenbach	1714-19, 21
Reuben b. Eliakim of Mayence	Amsterdam	1644, 46-47, 47-53, 56, 58, 61-63, 70-71, 78
Reuben Fürst (Ferst) b. Nethaneel	Berlin	1706
Reuben b. Isaac Levi Breidenbach (Breiten bach).	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1725, 29
Reyna (Donna)	Constantinople.	1593-94
	Kuru Tcheshme.	1597-98
Roizel (wife of Fishel)	Cracow	1586
Saadia b. Abigdor b. Eliezer Kohen	Prague	1614
Saadia Angel b. Samuel	Salonica	1720-21, 29, 32
Saadia b. David	Venice	1623
Saadia Kohen b. Zalman	Leghorn	1655
Samson b. Aaron Isaac	Lublin	1636 ?
Samson Ḥabillo	Venice	1654
Samson Hanau b. Solomon	Homburg	1724-25
Samson Melli b. Mordecai	Mantua	1676
Samson b. Moses	Lublin	1618-20, 23-27
Samson Sanguine b. Michael	Verona	1650
Samson Tarnigrod b. Ḥayyim	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1691
Samuel b. . . ? (of the family of Isaiah b. Samuel Levi).	Lublin	1646
Samuel Abravanel Soeyro	Amsterdam	1650-52
Samuel Amato.	Constantinople	1728
Samuel Archevolti	Venice	1564-1602
Samuel b. Aryeh (Loeb) Levi of Posen.	Amsterdam	1707, 7-8, 8, 15
Samuel b. Asher Levi	Prague	1512
Samuel ibn Ashkara Ẓarfati	Ferrara	1551-52
Samuel Baruch and Jacob Baruch	Venice	1656
Samuel Bergel b. Judah Reutling.	Sulzbach	1712
Samuel Bloch b. Jacob	Zolkiev	1695
Samuel Caleb	Salonica	1597
Samuel di Campos	Amsterdam	1685
Samuel Cases b. Moses	Mantua	1559
Samuel di Cazeres	Amsterdam	1659
Samuel b. David Gumpel	Prague	1515, 18
Samuel ibn Deisus	Venice	1596, 97, 98
Samuel Dresle	Cracow	1631 (?), 39-40, 1737
	Berlin	1712
Samuel (Sanwel) b. Eliakim b. Meïr.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1714
Samuel b. Elkanah	Fürth	1724, 25, 26
Samuel Fürth (Sameas preceding?)	Hanau	1719
Samuel (Don) G'acon	Faro	1487
Samuel Ḥabillo	Venice	1643
Samuel Ḥagiz	Venice	1596-98
Samuel b. Ḥayyim	Homburg	1712
Samuel Ḥazzan	Venice	1648
Samuel Heida b. Joseph of Hamburg	Berlin	1706
Samuel b. Hezekiah Levi	Naples	1492
Samuel Hurwitz b. Meshullam (Zalman) b. Joseph Levi of Prague.	Wilmersdorf	1670, 73-74
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1677, 80, 86, 89, 91-1701, 5, 11, 13
Samuel b. Isaac Boehm	Cremona	1556
	Padua	1562
	Venice	1565-67
	Cracow	1569-81
Samuel (Sanwel) b. Jacob (of Lissa).	Hamburg	1686, 87, 88, 90
	Fürth	1691-92, 93-94
Samuel b. Jacob Levi Brandeis	Wilmersdorf	1716
Samuel (Sanwel) b. Jacob Poppicz	Wilmersdorf	1673-74
	Lublin	1599
Samuel b. Jerahmeel	Wilmersdorf	1729
Samuel (Zebi Hirsch) b. Joel Sirks	Cracow	1631-40
Samuel b. Jonah (Askeri ?) of Salonica	Amsterdam	1728
Samuel b. Joseph	Amsterdam	1681-82
Samuel b. Judah
Samuel b. Judah Shammash	Amsterdam	1713
Samuel Katzenellenbogen	Venice	1563
Samuel Kolodro	Leiria	1492
Samuel Kusin b. Levi	Venice	1636-37
Samuel Latif	Naples	1490
	Mantua	1513-14
Samuel Levi	Cracow	1613 (?)
Samuel Levi ibn Hakim	Constantinople	1546-47, 47-48
Samuel Magreso	Constantinople	1717
Samuel Mantino b. Jacob	Venice	1546
Samuel Marquez b. Solomon	Amsterdam	1709, 14-16
Samuel di Medina b. Shemaiah	Venice	1647
	Mantua	1648
Samuel Meisel	Prague	1614-15
Samuel b. Michael	Venice	1721
Samuel b. Mordecai Ashkenazi of Przemysl	Cracow	1612
Samuel (Joseph) b. Mordecai Grasmark.	Cracow	1595-96, 1601-6
Samuel b. Moses Frankfurter	Amsterdam	1731
Samuel b. Moses Levi	Salonica	1563
Samuel b. Moses Levi	Amsterdam	1648-51, 52
Samuel b. Moses Sedjelmessa	Salonica	1709, 13, 22
Samuel b. Musa	Zamora	1492
Samuel Norzi b. Isaac	Mantua	1589-90
Samuel b. Peraḥyah	..............	1565-84
Samuel Pinto	Amsterdam	1666-67
Samuel Poppert	Altona	1727-30
Samuel Rikomin	Constantinople	1511-13
Samuel Rodrigues-Mendes	Amsterdam	1726
Samuel Rosa b. Isaac Baruch	Amsterdam	1664-66
Samuel b. Samuel de Roma	Naples	1486
Samuel Schwab b. Joseph of Günzburg.	Amsterdam	1713, 26, 33-39
Samuel Shalom Sedjelmessi of Lepanto.	Venice	1596
Samuel Teixeira	Amsterdam	1678, 82, 85-87, 88, 95, 1723, 26
Samuel Valensi	Smyrna	1657-59
Samuel (Oppenheim) of Vienna	...............	1699
Samuel Ẓarfati.	Rome	1547
Samuel b. Zeeb Wolf b. Ephraim Fischel of Lemberg.	Amsterdam	1697, 98
Sarah bat Jacob	Prague	1605-15
Saul Belgrad b. Joseph of Udine	Venice	1606, 17
Saul b. Benjamin b. Isaac	...............	1645
Saul of Frankfort-on-the-Oder	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1712
Saul (Simeon) b. Judah Levi	Lublin	1611-21, 27
Schwarz (Ḥayyim b. David)	Prague	1515, 18, 22, 26
	Oels	1530
	Augsburg	1533-43
	Ichenhausen	1544-45
	Heddernheim	1546
Selig b. Abraham Levi	Amsterdam	1697
Selig (Abi 'Ezri) b. Solomon of Venice.	Dyhernfurth	1692-96
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99, 1701, 5
	Berlin	1705, 9
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1712, 13, 25, 29, 34
Seligmann Ulma b. Moses Simeon.	Hanau	1610-15, 16
Shabbethai (?)	Venice	1675
Shabbethai Bass	Amsterdam	1679, 80, 82
	Dyhernfurth	1689-1718
Shabbethai b. Mordecai of Posen	Basel	1599
Shalom b. David Moses	Prague	1608
Shalom Galliago b. Joseph of Salonica.	Amsterdam	1627
Shalom b. Gershon of Horodlo	Lublin	1604-5
Shalom (Schechna) b. Nahum Kaidanower.	Wilmersdorf	1716
	Jessnitz	1721
Shalom (Mann) Stoks	Offenbach	1718
Shemariah b. Ahron	Cracow	1589, 98
Shemariah b. Jacob of Grodno.	Amsterdam	1711
Shem-Ṭob	Salonica	1526-27
Shem-Ṭob ibn Minir	Constantinople	1569
Shem-Ṭob ibn Polkar b. Moses	Constantinople	1511
Shneor Falcon b. Judah	Constantinople	1560
	Venice	1567
Shneor (Zalman) b. Israel Baruch Biechower.	Amsterdam	1685-87
Shneor (Zalman) b. Jonathan Kohen of Posen.	Amsterdam	1698, 1701, 7
Simeon Almosnino	Venice	1587-88
Simeon Altschul b. Asher Anschel Herzels.	Prague	1629
Simeon Altschüler b. Judah (Loeb)	Prague	1701
Simeon (Wolf) b. Asher Kohen Ashkenazi of Frankfort.	Cracow	1646-47
Simeon Blansa Ashkenazi	Venice	1696
Simeon (Wolf) Brandeis b. Jacob.	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1693
Simeon Cofio (Copio?).	Venice	1592
Simeon b. Isaac Cracow	Cracow	1574
Simeon b. Judah Joseph	Amsterdam	1700
Simeon (Isaac) Kohen	Cracow	1584
Simeon Labi	Venice	1648
Simeon Levi	Cremona	1565
Simeon (or Wolf) Menz b. Abraham.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1709-13
	Offenbach	1719
Simeon b. Naphtali Hirz	Amsterdam	1708, 11-15
Simeon Raner of Danzig	Amsterdam	1685
Simeon Rodeti	Smyrna	1660
Simeon Treves	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1719
Simeon Witzenhausen b. Joseph	Amsterdam	1679
	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1680-84, 91
Simhah b. Isaac	Cracow	1588, 97-98
	Basel	1602, 8
Sinai Ḳimḥi b. Ḥayyim	Constantinople	1717
Solomon	Amsterdam	1662
Solomon (b. . . ?)	Salonica	1621
Solomon (Zalman) b. Aaron Isaac (Säkel) of Norden.	Hamburg	1692
Solomon b. Aaron Levi of Cracow.	Cracow	1648
Solomon Abrabalia (Abravalia)	Salonica	1520
Solomon b. Abraham	Mantua	1561
Solomon b. Abraham of Moravia	Lublin	1571
Solomon ibn Alḳabiẓ b. Moses Levi	Guadalajara	1482
Solomon Altaras	Venice	1685
Solomon Altaras b. David	Venice	1712, 18, 19, 30
Solomon Aptrod b. David	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1722-30
Solomon (Zalman) Ashkenazi	Amsterdam	1730
Solomon Barzillai b. Moses	Mantua	1565
Solomon (Zalman) b. Bonfet (Bonfed) Shneor.	Fürth	1729, 30
Solomon Bueno b. Jacob	Cremona	1576
Solomon Cavaliero (or Cavallero).	Salonica	1532-33
Solomon b. David	Venice	1600
Solomon Dels b. Simeon	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1697
Solomon b. Eliezer Kohen	Lublin	1635
Solomon b. Ephraim Kohen	Amsterdam	1708
Solomon ibn Ezra b. Moses	Smyrna	1657-74
Solomon (Zalman) Fürth	Wilmersdorf	1673-74
Solomon Gabbai	Constantinople	1662
Solomon (Ḥayyim) Ḥaber-Ṭob	Venice	1599
Solomon b. Hähnle Naske	Prague	1620
Solomon (Zalman) Hanau	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1692-1714, (17 ?)
Solomon b. Isaac Kohen Ashkenazi	Salonica	1597
Solomon b. Isaac of Lisbon	Rome	1546
Solomon b. Isaiah Nizza	Venice	1684
Solomon b. Israel of Dubno	Amsterdam	1719
Solomon b. Jacob Judah of Norden (?)	Amsterdam	1640, 42
Solomon Jonah	Venice	1666
Solomon b. Joseph Kohen	Prague	1598
Solomon (Zalman) b. Joshua Ashkenazi.	Prague	1598
Solomon b. Judah Loeb.	Prague	1725
Solomon (Zalman) b. Judah Loeb.	Wilmersdorf	1688-89
Solomon (Zalman) b. Kalman Kohen.	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1699-1700
Solomon ibn Ḳoryaṭ.	Leghorn	1650
Solomon (Zalman) of Lemberg.	Venice	1716
Solomon London.	Amsterdam	1709-14
	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1714-25
	Offenbach and Hanau.	1716-20
	Amsterdam	1731-35
Solomon Luria	Venice	1607
Solomon Luzzatto b. Abraham	Venice	1567
Solomon Mar David	Venice	1599
Solomon b. Mazzal-Ṭob	Constantinople	1513-49
Solomon (Zalman) b. Mattithiah.	Berlin	1705, 6, 8, 13, 15
Solomon b. Meïr	Cracow	1587-88
Solomon (Zalman) b. Meïr Levi of Schwersenz	Jessnitz	1720-23
Solomon b. Mordecai	Constantinople	1710
Solomon (Zalman) b. Mordecai	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1708
	Amsterdam.	1717-18
Solomon b. Moses Abraham	Prague	1713 (?)
Solomon b. Moses Ashkenazi	Dyhernfurth	1712
Solomon (Zalman) b. Moses Frankfurter.	Amsterdam	1722, 24, 26, 33
Solomon b. Moses Ḥazzan.	Venice	1711
Solomon b. Moses Levi	Amsterdam	1663, 76
Solomon ibn Mubḥar	Constantinople	1642-43
Solomon ibn Naḥmias b. David	Venice	1599
Solomon Nissim	Venice	1667
Solomon Norzi b. Samuel	Mantua	1593
Solomon Oliveyra	Amsterdam	1680, 86
Solomon b. Perez Bonfoi Ẓarfati	Soncino	1484
	Naples	1490, 92
Solomon b. Samuel Levi.	Prague	1512, 15, 22
Solomon (Zalman) b. Samuel Steina-Kopf of Prague.	Sulzbach	1685
Solomon (Hai) Saraval b. Nehemiah.	Venice	1667
Solomon ibn Shoshan b. Samuel	Salonica	1580, 82
Solomon Ṭobyana	Amsterdam	1685
Solomon b. Todros	Amsterdam	1662 (?)
Solomon Trani b. Moses	Venice	1629-30
Solomon Usque	Constantinople	1561
Solomon (Don) Walid b. Judah.	Venice	1521
Solomon Wehle b. Moses	Zolkiev	1702-4
Solomon ibn Yaḳḳar	Constantinople	1522
Solomon Yerushalmi b. Menahem.	Salonica	1551
	Sabbionetta	1554
Solomon Zalmati b. Maimon	Ixar	1490
Solomon b. Ẓebi Lokatscher	Dyhernfurth	1700, 2
	Berlin	1703
Soncino (Moses b. . . ?)	Salonica	1526-27
Soncino, Eliezer b. Gershon	Constantinople	1534-47
Soncino, Gershon b. Moses	Soncino	1488-90
	Brescia	1491-94
	Barco	1496-97
	Fano	1503, 5-6
	Pesaro	1507-20
	Fano	1516
	Ortona	1518, 19
	Rimini	1521-26
	Constantinople	1530-33
	Salonica	1532-33
Soncino, Israel Nathan b. Samuel b. Moses.	Soncino	1483
	Casal Maggiore	1486
Soncino, Joshua Solomon b. Israel Nathan.	Soncino	1483-88
	Naples	1490-92
Soncino, Solomon b. Moses	Soncino	1490
Tobiah b. Abraham Kohen	Wilmersdorf	1714, 16-18, 21, 29-30
	Sulzbach	1741
	Fürth	1745
Uri (Phoebus) b. Aaron witmund Levi	Amsterdam	1645-48, 56, 58-89
	Zolkiev	1692-95
Uri (Phoebus) b. Abraham Bärmes	Amsterdam	1670-80, 82, 86
Uri b. Abraham Kohen	Amsterdam	1698
Uri (Phoebus) b. Joseph	Amsterdam	1723, 24, 26, 27
Uri b. Moses	Amsterdam	1650
Uri (Shragga Phoebus) b. Solomon (Zalman).	Cracow	1638-40, 43, 48
Usque (Abraham).	Ferrara	1553-57
Veile bat Moses SChlenker of Fürth	Wilmersdorf	1727
Vittoria Eliano	Cremona	1557, 58, 58-60
	Venice	1564, 65, 66, 67
	Rome	1578, 81
Weglin (Sebald)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1709
Yaḥya b. Abraham ibn Ḥama Fas.	Venice	1574
Yom-Ṭob b. Michael Kohen.	Salonica	1717
Yom-Ṭob Modigliano b. Samuel	Salonica	1723
Yom-Ṭob Zikri b. Rafael	Constantinople	1519
Yom-Ṭob Ẓarfati b. Perez	Naples	1489
Zachariah.	Venice	1667
Zadok b. Abraham of Meseritz	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99, 1702, 5-8, 11-13, 13, 20, 24, 25
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Aaron Ḥayyat	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1714
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. (Jacob) Abraham	Cracow	1642-43
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Abraham of Wronek	Amsterdam	1700-1
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Elijah b. Baer Lübeck.	Prague	1691-92
	Dessau	1696
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
	Berlin	1699, 1700
	Prague	1705-6, 25
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Falk Kohen Kümmelbrod.	Fürth	1692
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Gershon.	Amsterdam	1700-5, 10, 11, 14
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Isaac Levi	Amsterdam	1717-18, 23, 26, 28, 30, 33, 38-39
Ẓebi b. Isaac of Ostrog	Cracow	1576-77
Ẓebi b. Isaac of Posen	Lublin	1622
Ẓebi b. Jacob	Lublin	1685
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Joseph Levi	Fürth	1691-94, 99, 1701
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Josiah Crasnik	Lublin	1627
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Kalonymus Kohen of Kalisz.	Dyhernfurth	1691, 96
	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1697-99
	Dyhernfurth	1700-1
Ẓebi Levi Ḥazzan	Venice	1598
Ẓebi (Hirsch) Liberls Sofer	Prague	1707
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Meïr of Janow	Jessnitz	1720, 21, 22
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Meïr of Kossowitz	Prague	1713
Ẓebi (Hirsch) Minz Levi b. Asher.	Amsterdam	1725-26, 26
Ẓebi b. Moses	Lublin	1622
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Moses Frankfort	Amsterdam	1701
Ẓebi b. Shalom.	Cracow	1642-44
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Tobiah	Lublin	1623-27
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Aryeh (Loeb) b. Isaac.	Amsterdam	1724
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Isaac Josels	Cracow	1638-39
Zeeb (Wolf) Levi	Amsterdam	1685-87
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Meshullam	Berlin	1702-3, 12, 16-17
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Mordecai	Cracow	1638-40, 43, 48
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Samuel	Amsterdam	1698

List of Christian Printers.

Name.	Place.	Date.
Alberti (Idzardus)	Franeker	1642
Albrizzi (Hier.)	Venice	1707 (?)
Ambrosini (Christoforo)	Venice	1667, 71-74
Andreae (Jo. Ph.)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1716
Andreae Andrae (Matth.)	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1707-12
Andreae (St.)	Heidelberg	1586
Anshelm (Thom.)	Tübingen	1512-14
	Hagenau	1518-19
Bakenhoffer (Jo. Phil.)	Copenhagen	1696
Baron (Jo. Zach.)	Leyden	1658
Baroni (Andera)	Venice	1692
Bashuysen (H. J. P.)	Hanau	1709-12
Bauernfeld (Jac.)	Jena	1678
Beausang (Jo. Jac.)	Hanau	1715-19
Bebel	Basel	1534-95
Beckmann (Joh. Christ.)	Frankfort-on-the-Oder	1677
Blaak (Laur.)	Amsterdam	1676-78
Bladao (Maestro Anton. B. de Asula).	Rome	1524, 46-47
Blaise (Thom.)	Paris	1622
Blaue (Wilh.)	Amsterdam	1676-78
Bomberg (Daniel)	Venice	1516-48
Bona (Domenico)	Venice	1678
Boom, Baum (Joh.)	Amsterdam	1705
Borstius (Gerhard and Jacob)	Amsterdam	1698-1703
Bragadina	Venice	1664
Bragadini (Aluise, Aloyse)	Venice	1550-53, 63 (?)-75
Bragadini (Aluise [II.], Aloyse)	Venice	1624-30, 39-50
Bragadini (Aluise [III.])	Venice	1697-98, 1710
Bragadini, Bragadino.	Venice	1550-1800
Bragadini (Giacomo, Jacob)	Venice	1639-50
Bragadini (Girolamo, Gerolimo, Hieronym).	Venice	1639-50, 55-64, 67
Bragadini (Juan, Zuan, Giovan., Johann.).	Venice	1579-1614 (15?)
Bragadini (Lorenzo, Laurent.).	Venice	1615-30, 39-50
Bragadini (Nicol.)	Venice	1639-50
Bragadini (Pietro)	Venice	1614-30, 39-49
Bragadini (Vicenzio [I.], Vincent.)	Venice	1639-49
Bragadini (Vicenzio [II.])	Venice	1697-98
Brand (Justin.)	Leipsic	1683-86
Brandenburger	Leipsic	1712
Brandmüller (Jo.)	Basel	1691
Breitkopf (Bernh. Christ.)	Leipsic	1725
Brion (Anton)	Riva	1557-58
Brocario (Bul. de)	Complutum	1514-17
Brucello (Franc.)	Venice	1544
Cajon	Venice	1613-22, 22-41
Calleoni, Caleoni (Anton)	Venice	1642-57
Caphallon	Paris	1533
Cavalli, Caballi (Zorzo)	Venice	1565-68
Christiani (Wilm.)	Leyden	1633
Clugus (Jos.)	Wittenberg	1525, 29
Collegium Italorum	Paris	1539
Commelius	Heidelberg	1599-1616
Conti (Vicenz., Vincent.)	Cremona	1556-61, 65-66, 67
	Sabbionetta	1567
Cramosius (Sebast.)	Paris	1632
Cratander (Andr.)	Basel	1531
Crati (Zach.)	Wittenberg	1586-87
Crato (Jo.)	Wittenberg	1563-76, 82
Crivellari (Gaspar)	Padua	1622-23
Crivellari (Giulio, Julius)	Padua	1640
Decker (Ge.)	Basel	1660
Donne (Francesco delle)	Verona	1594-95
Doriguzzi (Zuane, Joh.)	Venice	1670, 85
Draconi (Christoph)	Cremona	1576
Dreunen (Meinardus)	Utrecht	1665
Eichhorn	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1597
Ellinger (J. G.)	Leipsic	1672
Elzevir	Leyden	1630-34
Episcopus (Nicol.)	Basel	1536, 37, 47-48, 56, 63
Erpeniana	Leyden	1621
Facciotto or Fazot de Montecchio (Giov., Giac).	Rome	1518
Fagius (Paul.)	Isny	1541-42
	Constantinople	1543-44
Farri (Messer Zuane or Giovanni)	Venice	1544
Filippon (o), Filipponi (Filotarsi)	Mantua	1563-64, 68
Filippono (Francesco)	Mantua	1561-63
Filoni	Ferrara	1693
Froben	Hamburg	1596
Froben (Ambros.)	Basel	1578-81
	Freiburg	1583-84
Froben (Hieron.)	Basel	1531, 36-63
Froben (Jo. [I.])	Basel	1516-27 (32)
Fuldius (Mart.)	Leipsic	1712
Fyner (Conrad)	Esslingen	1475, 77
Ganghel (Christoph. van)	Amsterdam	1683
Gara, Garra (di, dei)	Venice	1564-1609 (10)
Gardoni (Alessandro)	Venice	1577-78
Giustiniani, Justiniani (Bern)	Venice	1593
Giustiniani, Justiniani (Marco Antonio).	Venice	1545-52
Goebelius	Augsburg	1680-83
Gottschalk (Mich.)	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1693-1734
Gourmont (Aegid.)	Paris	1520-29
Gross (Jo. Ad.)	Hanau	1714-15
Gruler (Peter)	Tannhausen	1594
Grunbergius (J.)	Wittenberg	1521
Grymm (Sigismund), Medicus	Augsburg	1520
Gryphius (Franc.)	Paris	1532
Gryphius (sebast.)	Lyons	1528-30
Grypho (Giov., Joh.)	Venice	1564-67
Guarin (Thom.)	Basel	1583
Gyselaar, Gijselaar (Joh.)	Franeker	1690
Halma (Fr.)	Amsterdam	1701
Hamm (Gn. Wolfg.).	Helmstedt	1702-3
Harper (Thom.)	London	1643
Hartmann (Joach. and Frid.)	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1595-96
Hayes (Jo.)	Cambridge	1685
Heinscheit, Henscheld (Anton)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1711-19
Henckel (Mart.)	Wittenberg	1609
Hene (Hans, Jacob)	Hanau	1610-14
Hering (Joh.)	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1727
Hofer (? Joh.)	...............	1625
Hoogenhuysen (Cornel.)	Amsterdam	1711
Hutter (Elias)	Hamburg	1586-87
	Nuremberg	1599-1602
Ilive (Thom.)	London	1714-17
Ilsnerus (Blasius)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1682
Imberti (Zuane, Giov., Joh.)	Venice	1651-56
Isingrinius (Mich.)	Basel	1534-35
Jablonski (Dan. Ern.)	Berlin	1697
Jaeger (Gottfr.)	Lübeck	1650
Jaeger (Heredes Jos.)	Güstrow	1634
Jansson (Ant.)	Leipsic	1683
Jansson (Joh.)	Amsterdam	1633
Jay (Mich.)	Paris	1628-45
Juilleron (Nicol.)	Lyons	1622
Justinianus (Aug.)	Paris.
Juvenis (Martin)	Paris	1552-54, 59, 63, 68, 69, 74
Kelner (G.)	Wittenberg	1615
Kilius (Nic.)	Rostock	1637
Kirchner (Christ.)	Leipsic	1657
Knebel (Jo. Henr.)	Berlin	1699
Koelner (Joh.)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1708-27
Koenig (Joh.)	Basel	1662, 75
Koenig (Lud.)	Basel	1618-32, 48
Kopmeier	Augsburg	1680-83
Kurzius (Joh.) of Gross-Glogau.	Cracow	1539
Lacquehay (Joh.)	Paris	1629
Launoy (Bonaventura de)	Offenbach	1719-24
Laurentius (Henr.)	Amsterdam	1630-32, 34-35
Lotther (Melchior)	Leipsic	1533
Luchtmans (Jord.)	Leyden	1685
Lucius (Jac.)	Helmstedt	1580
	Hamburg	1587
Madruz (Christofolo)	Riva.
Magnus (Albertus)	Amsterdam	1687-88
Maire (Joh.)	Leyden	1621, 22, 37, 50
Martinelli (Giov., Jos.)	Venice	1636-42, 56
Martzan (Melchior)	Copenhagen	1640
Meyer (Henr.)	Altdorf	1680
Moeller (Reinhart Eustachius)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1725
Morellus (Guilelmus)	Paris	1559-63
Moresini, Morosini	Venice	1660-65
Morrhius (Gerardus)	Paris	1531
Nisselius (Jo. Ge.)	Leyden	1656, 62
Oeglin (Erhard)	Augsburg	1514
Oporini (Jos)	Basel	1567
Orphanotropheum (Waisenhaus)	Halle	1710-19
Paddenburg (Gysbert of)	Utrecht	1714
Panzoni (Alb.)	Mantua	1730
Paoli, Pauli (Giov., Joh.)	Venice	1708-12, 15
Pasquato (Laur.)	Padua	1562, 67
Pauli (Joh.)	Upsala	1652-60
Pauli (Nic. Justinian.)	Genoa	1516
Petrus (Henr.)	Basel	1530-57
Pieters (Jac.)	Amsterdam	1643
Pillehotte (Ant.)	Lyons	1622
Plantinus (Christoph.)	Antwerp	1566-89
Portevecchio (Piero del)	Padua	1562, 67
Presigno (Comin [o])	Venice	1593-96
Procurator (Federigo Contarino)	Venice	1659-67
Propaganda Fide	Rome	1683
Quirino (Carlo)	Venice	1549
Radaeus (Aegid.)	Franeker	1597
Raphelengius (Franc.)	Leyden	1590-1615, 21-22
Ravestein (Nic.)	Amsterdam	1638, 48
Rebenlin (Georf)	Hamburg	1663-68
Rehte (Dav. Fred.)	Gedani	1675
Reuther (Barth.)	Kiel	1709
Rhamba (Joh.)	Leipsic	1564
Rizzini (Anton.)	Venice	1657-59, 60
Rose (Joh., son of Thom.)	Hamburg	1709, 11, 15-21
Rose (Thom.)	Hamburg	1686-1709
Rossi (Francesco de)	Verona	1646-52
Rouviere (Petr. de la)	Geneva	1609-18
Roycroft (Thom.)	London	1651, 53-57
Rufinelli (Giacomo, Jac.)	Mantua	1560-90
Rufinelli, Rufinello (Messer Venturin).	Mantua	1556-59
Rufinelli (Tommas., Thom.)	Mantua	1593
Rüh (e)l (Joh. and Conr.)	Wittenberg	1586-87
Sartorius	Copenhagen	1631
Saxo (Joh.)	Hamburg	1586-87
Schadaeus (El.)	Strasburg	1591
Schaefer (Petr.)	Worms	1529
Schall (Andr.)	Gotha	1707, 10
Schoennerstaedt (Joh. Henr.)	Altdorf	1674
Schurmann (Stephan)	Tannhausen	1593-94
Selfisch (Heredes Sam.)	Wittenberg	1615
Soter (Jac.)	Cologne	1563
Soter (Joh.)	Solingen	1538
Spoor (Jo. Frid.)	Strasburg	1670
Stark (Seb. Gott.)	Berlin	1710
Steen (Caspar)	Amsterdam	1692-1703
Stephanus (Carol.)	Paris	1556-59
Stephanus (Rob.)	Paris	1528, 39-46
	Geneva	1554, 56
Stephanus (Rob.)	Paris	1563-66
Thymil (Jo. Heredes)	Frankfort-on-the-Oder.	1630
Vaesberge (Jo.)	Utrecht	1657
Vedelago (Domenigo)	Venice	1662-64, 63, 65, 74-82
Vendramini, Vendramin	Venice	1630-41
Vendramini	Venice	1642-1705, 1651, 53, 55
Vieceri (Francesco)	Venice	1643-54
Vignon (Eust.)	Geneva	1578
Vitray (Ant.)	Paris	1628-45
Voliet, Vogliet (? Jakob)	Basel	1583
Waldkirch (Conr.)	Basel	1598-1612
Water (Gül van de)	Amsterdam	1701
Water (Jo. van de)	Utrecht	1683-88
Weimmann (Nic.)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1709
Wellens (Jo.)	Franeker	1663
Wernerianis	Upsala	1727
Wittigau (Jo.)	Leipsic	1661
Wust (Jo.)	Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1694-1707
Zanetti, Gianetti, Zanetius (Christofolo).	Venice	1564-66
Zanetti (Daniel)	...............	1596, 97-1606
Zanetti (Francesco)	Rome	1578, 80-81
Zanetti (Matteo)	Venice	1593-96
Zanetti, Zanetto (Zuan, Giov., Jo.)	Venice	1606-9
Zeitler (Frid.) and H. G. Mussel	Magdeburg	1700
Ziletti (Giordano, Jordanus)	Venice	1571-72
Zschauer (Jo. Andr.)	Leipsic	1696
Zyll (Gilb.)	Utrecht	1656

V. (1732-1900):

From 1732 many of the presses already referred to have continued their activity down to the present day. That of Leghorn, for example, began a new life in 1740 in the workshop of Abraham Meldola; and he was followed by a number of Hebrew printers, who found a market for their products in the Levant and the Barbary States, so much so that Christian printers like Carlo Gorgio (1779) and Giovanni Falerno (1779) found it worth while to compete in producing ritual and cabalistic works for the southern markets. This period also saw the beginning of the remarkable activity of Wolf Heidenheim at Rödelheim, producing the well-known editions of the ritual. These, while originally intended for the Frankfort market, have been used by Ashkenazic congregations throughout the world; and the Tefillah had run to as many as 128 editions by 1902 ("Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl." v. 99). This period was likewise marked by the inauguration of Hebrew printing at Carlsruhe, at first under the egis of Christian printers beginning with Johann Herald in 1755, and later under Wilhelm Lotter from 1766. It was not till 1782 that Hirsch Wormser and his brother-in-law were allowed to start a printing-press, chiefly for ritual works. They were followed in 1814 by David Marx. Altogether about 61 Hebrew prints from this press are known.

Russia.

But the period is especially noteworthy for the rise and development of Hebrew printing in the lands where most persons lived who were acquainted with Hebrew. It is somewhat difficult to account for the fact that there was absolutely no Hebrew printing in the districts now constituting Russian Poland and the Pale of Settlement till past the middle of the eighteenth century, though they have for the past 200 years contained the largest number of Jews and the greatest number of those acquainted with Hebrew. In the old Polish kingdom the Council of the Four Lands kept a somewhat rigid control over the production of Hebrew books, to which it secured a kind of copyright by threatening excommunication for anybody reprinting works having its approbation. The Cossack outrages of 1648 had destroyed the chance of any independent printing in these countries, and the markets were mainly supplied by Prague, Cracow, Lublin, and later Frankfort-on-the-Oder. It was not till after the troublous period of the three partitions (1772-95) that local presses began to be established in Russia. Mention may here perhaps be made of the printing of the Karaite Tefillah (1784) at Eupatoria (not yet, however, within the precincts of the Russian empire), followed by that of the Krimchaks in the next year, and reference may also be made to two or three works printed at Olexnitz (1760-67) in connection with the beginnings of Ḥasidism. Soon after this, printing had begun in Koretz (1777), and was followed at Neuhof (Novy Dvor) near Warsaw (1782), at Polonnoye (1783-91), at Shklov (1783), and at Poretzk (1786-91). Lithuania for the first time obtained a printing-press of its own by the privilege granted by King Stanislaus Augustus to Baruch Romm, who established a printing-office at Grodno in 1789. After the settlement at the third partition under Catherine II., a considerable number of Russianprinting-offices sprang up, which will be found in the list on pages 328 and 330. They continued to increase during the nineteenth century till Nicholas I. in 1845 passed a law restricting all Hebrew printing to two establishments, one at Wilna, the other at Slavuta. Königsberg, Johannisberg, Lyck, Memel, Eydtkuhnen, and other cities of East Prussia supplied the Russian requirements. This practically gave a monopoly of the Russian market to the firm of Romm, which had moved from Grodno to Wilna in 1799. But it maintained connection with Grodno, producing in 1835 a well-known edition of the Talmud which bears the imprint "Wilna and Grodno." The Romms down to the present day continue to be the most extensive Hebrew printers in Russia; but of recent years the Warsaw publishing firms "Tushiyyah" and "Aḥiasaf" produce perhaps even to a larger extent than the Wilna firm.

Austria.

Mention may be made here of the Austrian presses in the nineteenth century, which have been very productive, especially those of Vienna, where Anton von Schmid obtained from 1800 onward the monopoly for the Austrian empire, and as a consequence produced about 250 Hebrew works, including a reprint of the Mendelssohn Bible and many Jewish prayer-books, besides the periodical "Bikkure ha'Ittim." He was succeeded by his son, from whom the business was bought by De la Torre. The monopoly being given up, J. Schlesinger assumed the work; he devoted himself especially to rituals also for the outlying colonies of Jews, producing a Siddur for the Yemen Jews, a Maḥzor for the Algerian Jews, and other rituals for northern Africa; the Catalonian and Aragonian congregations of Salonica also had their rituals printed at Vienna. Other Austrian and Hungarian presses were at Lemberg, Cracow (Joseph Fischer), Presburg (Alkalai), Paks, Przemysl, Lublin, etc.

J.Oriental. From the Heidenheim Maḥzor, Rödelheim, 1832.

Mention has already been made of the beginnings of Oriental typography in the city of Constantinople. Toward the end of the sixteenth century Donna Reyna Mendesia founded what might be called a private printing-press at Belvedere or Kuru Chesme (1593). The next century the Franco family, probably from Venice, also established a printing-press there, and was followed by Joseph b. Jacob of Solowitz (near Lemberg), who established at Constantinople in 1717 a press which existed to the end of the century. He was followed by a Jewish printer from Venice, Isaac de Castro (1764-1845), who settled at Constantinople in 1806; his press is carried on by his son Elia de Castro, who is still the official printer of the Ottoman empire. Both the English and the Scotch missionsto the Jews published Hebrew works at Constantinople.

Together with Constantinople should be mentioned Salonica, where Judah Gedaliah began printing in 1512, and was followed by Solomon Jabez (1516) and Abraham Bat-Sheba (1592). Hebrew printing was also conducted here by a convert, Abraham ha-Ger. In the eighteenth century the firms of Naḥman (1709-89), Miranda (1730), Falcon (1735), and Ḳala'i (1764) supplied the Orient with ritual and halakic works. But all these firms were outlived by an Amsterdam printer, Bezaleel ha-Levi, who settled at Salonica in 1741, and in whose name the publication of Hebrew and Ladino books and periodicals still continues. The Jabez family printed at Adrianople before establishing its press at Salonica; the Hebrew printing annals of this town had a lapse until 1888, when a literary society entitled Doreshe Haskalah published some Hebrew pamphlets, and the official printing-press of the vilayet printed some Hebrew books.

From Ḥayyim Vital's "Sha'are Ḳedushshah," Aleppo, 1866.

From Salonica printing passed to Safed in Palestine, where Abraham Ashkenazi established in 1588 a branch of his brother Eleazar's Salonica house. According to some, the Shulḥan 'Aruk was first printed there. In the nineteenth century a member of the Bak family printed at Safed (1831-41), and from 1864 to 1884 Israel Dob Beer also printed there. So too at Damascus one of the Bat-Shebas brought a press from Constantinople in 1706 and printed for a time. In Smyrna Hebrew printing began in 1660 with Abraham b. Jedidiah Gabbai; and no less than thirteen other establishments have from time to time been founded. One of them, that of Jonah Ashkenazi, lasted from 1731 to 1863. E. Griffith, the printer of the English Mission, and B. Tatiḳian, an Armenian, also printed Hebrew works at Smyrna. A single work was printed at Cairo in 1740. Hebrew printing has also been undertaken at Alexandria since 1875 by one Faraj Ḥayyim Mizraḥi.

Jerusalem.

Israel Bak, who had reestablished the Safed Hebrew press, and was probably connected with the Bak family of Prague, moved to Jerusalem in 1841 and printed there for nearly forty years, up to 1878. Quite a number of presses which deserve enumeration have been set up in the Holy City; viz., those of Israel Bak (1841) and his son Nisan; Joel Moses Solomon (1863); Elijah Moses Ḥai Sassoon (1864); Israel Dob Frumkin (1871), the editor of the journal "Ḥabaẓẓelet"; Isaac Goscinny (1876); Elhanan Tenenbaum (1879-90); Isaac b. Jacob Hirschensohn (1880) and his successors; Samuel Levi Zuckermann (1882); Moses Perez (1884); Abraham Moses Luncz (1885), known for his annual publications "Luaḥ Ereẓ Yisrael" and "Yerushalayim"; Eliezer ben Judah, called Perlemann, director of the journal "Hashḳafah," originally "Ha-Ẓebi"; J. Nahum Lewi (1887); Adelmann and Meyuḥas (1887); M. Lilienthal (1895); Meir Blumenthal (1897); Sonnenfeld & Blumenthal (1897); Loeb Kahana (1899); A. M. Goldberg (1901); and Moses A. Azriel (1901).

From "Sefer ha-'Ibbur," Printed by Filipowski, London, 1853.From Jerusalem Talmud, Jitomir, 1865.From "Sefer Gan 'Eden," Guzlow, 1866.From Buber's Pesiḳta, Lyck, 1868.From Szold's Commentary on Job, Baltimore, 1886.

One of the Jerusalem printers, Elijah Sassoon, moved his establishment to Aleppo in 1866. About the same time printing began in Bagdad under Mordecai & Co., who recently have had the competition of Judah Moses Joshua and Solomon Bekor Ḥussain. At Beirut the firm of Selim Mann started printing in 1902. Reverting to the countries formerly under Turkish rule, it may be mentioned that Hebrew and Ladino books have been printed at Belgrade since 1814 at the national printing establishment by members of the Alḳala'i family. Later Jewish printing-houses are those of Eleazar Rakowitz and Samuel Horowitz (1881). In Sarajevo Hebrew printing began in 1875; and another firm, that of Daniel Kashon, started in 1898. At Sofia there have been no less than four printing-presses since 1893, the last that of Joseph Pason (1901), probably from Constantinople. Also at Rustchuk, since 1894, members of the Alḳala'i family have printed, while at Philippopolis the Pardo Brothers started their press in 1898 before moving it to Safed. Altogether in the Levant about eighteen cities have had 121 Hebrew printing establishments between 1504 and 1905. Their productions have been mainly rituals, responsa of local rabbis, and Cabala; the type has been mostly Rashi, and the result has not been very artistic.

J. M. Fr.England and the United States.

In the English-speaking lands Hebrew printing proceeded slowly among the Jews. In England, for example, after a few Hebrew books had been printed by Christian printers the Alexanders began their series of prayer-books about 1770, which have continued to be reissued down to the present day; they were succeeded by the Valentines. The firm of Wertheimer, Lea & Co. printed most of the Jewish Hebrew productions of England till recently, including the first edition of the popular authorized prayer-book, of which 100,000 copies have been issued. The Clarendon Press, however, has during the last thirty years printed many works on rabbinic subjects, and has been followed by the Pitt Press of Cambridge, which issued especially the Mishnah edition by W. H. Lowe and the "Pirḳe Abot" of C. Taylor.

From Rabinowicz's "Catalogue Merzbacher," Munich, 1888.

In the British colonies only sporadic works have been published at Bombay and Aden, where the Yemen Jews have recently been printing a few of their manuscripts in oblong format. The use of Hebrew type in the Australian and African colonies appears to be confined to newspapers. The same applies to the French colonies in North Africa, though various productions have appeared at Algiers, Tunis, and Oran.

In the United States Hebrew printing was even later in appearance. Apart from a reprint at Philadelphia in 1814 of Athias' unpointed Bible, and Leeser's reprint of the Van der Hooght Bible in 1849, the first Hebrew book printed in America was "Abne Yehoshua'," by Joshua Falk, at New York in 1860. The chief production of the Hebrew press of the United States hitherto has been the commentary on Job by B. Szold, printed by I. Friedenwald at Baltimore; but since the emigration from Russia and Rumania large numbers of occasional works have been produced at New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. In the first-named city the productions of the press of A. H. Rosenberg are voluminous.

From "Zimrot Yisrael," Aden, 1891.From W. H. Lowe's "The Mishna," Cambridge, 1883.From the "Steinschneider Festschrift," Leipsic, 1896.From Schorr's "Sefer Ha-'Ittim," Cracow, 1902.From Schechter's "Midrash ha-Gadol," Vienna, 1902.

A great deal of very good Hebrew printing, however, is done by non-Jewish printers, and often at university presses, where the Christian theologians who devote their attention to rabbinics print their lucubrations. In addition, presses that make a special business of Oriental printing, like those of Drugulin of Leipsic and Brill of Leyden, also produce Hebrew works, the former having printed the well-known Polychrome Bible edited by Professor Haupt and published at Baltimore. By a special process the various sources of the Biblical books in this edition are distinguished by different colors, not of the type, but of the paper upon which the sections are printed. The various Bible societies have also produced some fine specimens of Hebrew printing, the chief being the so-called Letteris Bible, having the Authorized Version at the side, printed at Vienna; and the Ginsburg Bible, printed by the court printer Karl Fromme in Vienna. The Masorah, also edited by Ginsburg, is another fine piece of Hebrew printing by Fromme; while one of the best Hebrew prints is the fifth edition of the translation into Hebrew of the New Testament, by Franz Delitzsch, printed by Trowitsch & Co. of Berlin.

The following is a list (extending from the introduction of printing to the present day) of towns at which Hebrew presses are known to have existed; those places in which only Christian printers have been concerned, mainly in issuing Biblical editions, are set in italics. As far as possible, dates have been given for the first publication of Hebrew at the different localities. Where this was effected by Christian printers the date is marked with an asterisk. The letters "J. E." within parentheses following the names of towns indicate that special articles are given in The Jewish Encyclopedia upon the typography of such towns. In a number of instances special monographs have been written upon the typography of various places, and these are cited together with their references. The remaining towns are mentioned by Steinschneider in his "Jüdische Typographie," in Ersch and Gruber, "Encyc." (section ii., part 28, pp. 21-94), or by Zedner and Harkavy. In a few instances the entries from Zedner may refer to publication rather than to printing.

Hebrew Presses.

Aden			189-
Adrianople			1554-55
Aix			1855
Alcala (Complutum)			1514
Aleppo			1866
Alexandria (No-Ammon)			1875
Algiers			1855
Altdorf			1674
Altona			1727 et seq.
	Grunwald, Hamburgs Deutsche Juden; Steinschneider, Zeitschrift für Gesch. der Juden in Deutschland, i. 1-5.
Amsterdam			1627 et seq.
Andover, Mass.
Antwerp			1566-90
Augsburg			1514-43
	Steinschneider, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, i. 1-5.
Avignon			1765
Bagdad			1657, 1867
Baltimore.
Bamberg			1837
Barco			1496-97
Basel			1516
Bath			1803
Beirut			1839, 1902
Belgrade			1841
Berdychev			1798
Bergamo			1599
Berlin		*	1699
Bern			1555 ?
Bistrovitz			1592
Blizurka			1806-7
Boguslav			1809-
Bologna			1482-83
Bombay			1856
Bonn			1537-41
Boston		*	1735
Bremen			1673
Brescia			1491-94
Breslau			1719
	Brann, Volkskalender, 1890.
Breznitza.
Brilon			1862
Brody.
Brooklyn			1893
Brünn			1799
Brunswick			1838
Brussels			1841
Bucharest			1860
Budapest			1823
Buenos Ayres			1891
Byelaya Tserkov			1817 -
Byelostok			1805-
Cairo			1740
Calcutta			1844
Cambridge		*	1685
Carlsruhe			1755-
	Biberfeld, Zeitschrift für Hebr. Bibl. i., ii.
Carpentras.
Casal-Maggiore			1486
Cassel			1807
Chicago.
Chieri			1627-29
Cincinnati			1857
Cleveland.
Cleves			1770
Cologne			1518, 53-63
Colomea.
Constance			1543-44
Constantinople (J. E.)			1503-86
Copenhagen			1628
Corfu			1829
Cöthen			1703
	Freudenthal, Aus der Heimat Moses Mendelssohns.
Cracow (J. E.)			1530-1670
Cremona			1556-60
	De Rossi, Annali Typographici, 1808.
Czernowitz			1856
Damascus			1605-6
Danzig			1849
Darmstadt			1822
Dessau (J. E.)			1696
	Freudenthal, Aus der Heimat Moses Mendelssohns
Dorpat			1804
Drogobuzh.
Dubno			1794
Dubrovna			1802-4
Dyhernfurth (J. E.)			1689
	Brann, in Monatsschrift, 1896.
Edinburgh			1857
Erlangen			1593
Esslingen			1475
Eupatoria			1734
Eydtkuhnen.
Fano			1503-16
Faro (J. E.)			1487
Ferrara (J. E.)			1477
	De Rossi, De Typographia Hebrœo-Ferrariensi, Parma, 1780.
Florence			1736
Francker			1597-1681
Frankfort-on-the-Main (J. E.)			1512
Frankfort-on-the-Oder (J. E.)			1551(?), 1677-
Freiburg			1583-84
Fürth			1691-1730
	Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xviii. 114 et seq.
Galatz		*
Geismar			1649
Geneva			1554
Genoa			1516
Giessen			1705, 14
Glogau			1840
Göritz			1852
Gotha			1702
Göttingen			1742
Grodno			1788-
Gröningen			1676
Grubeschov			1817-
Guadalajara			1482
Güstrow			1634
Hagenau			1515
Hague			1779-
Halberstadt			1859
Halle			1700-19
	Freudenthal, Aus der Hei mat Moses Mendelssohns.
Hamburg			1587-
	Grunwald, Hamburgs Deutsche Juden, pp. 153.
Hanau			1610-30
			1708-25
Hanover			1840
Heddernheim			1546
Heidelberg			1586
Helmstedt.
Hergeswiese ?
Homburg			1711-50
Hrubieszow			1819
Husiatyn.
Ichenhausen			1544
	Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xii. 125, Suppl.; idem, Cat. Bodl. No. 361.
Inowrazlaw.
Isny			1541-42
Ixar			1485-95
Jassy			1843
Jastowitz		*	1898
Jena			1675
Jerusalem			1846
Jessnitz			1719-26
	Freudenthal, Aus der Heimat Moses Mendelssohns.
Johannesburg		*	1897
Johannisberg			1855
Jozefov			1826
Kale			1734
Kalios			1809-10
Kearny (N. J.)			1904
Kiel			1709
Kishinef			1883
Kones			1797-
Königsberg			1759
Kopust			1818
Koretz			1776-
Koslov (see Eupatoria).
Kremenetz			1805-
Krotoschin			1837
Kupil			1796
Kuru Chesme			1597
Ladie			1805
Laszow			1815
Leghorn			1650-
Leipsic			1538-
Leiria			1492-94
Lemberg			1810
Leyden			1528-1756
Libau		*	1879
Lisbon			1489-92
Lissa			1824
	Lewin, Geschichte der Juden in Lissa, pp. 153-154, Pinne, 1904.
London (J. E.)		*	1711-
Lübeck			1650
Lublin (J. E.)			1550, 56-74
	Friedberg, Zur Geschichte der Hebräischen Typographie in Lublin, Cracow, 1890.
Lunéville			1798-
Lyck			1859
Lyons			1526
Madras			1819
Madrid.
Magdeburg			1607
Mannheim			1856
Mantua (J. E.).			1476-80
			1513-14
			1580-1699
	Zunz, Z. G. pp. 249-260.
Marburg.
Mayence			1523-
Mecklenburg			1724
Medzhibozh			1817-18
Memel			1861
Metz			1765
	Carmoly, Revue Orientale, iii. 209 et seq., 283 et seq.
Mezhirich			1809
Mezkirof			1790-95
Milan			1620
Minkovsk			1790-1803
Minneapolis, Minn.
Minsk			1807-
Moghilef-on-the-Dnieper			1825
Moghilef-on-the-Dniester			1798-
Mühlhausen
Munich			1860
Munkaez.
Nagy-Surany		*
Naples			1486-92
Neuhof (Novy-Dvor)			1782-96
Neuwied			1736-49
New York			1860
Newark.
Nikolsburg			1767
Nuremberg			1599
Odessa			1845-
Oels			1530-35
	Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. No. 306.
Ofen (see Budapest).
Offenbach			1714
Olexnitz			1760-67
Oran			1856
Ortakoi			1717-19
Ortona			1519 -
Ostrog			1794-96
Oxford			1655
Padua			1562-1640
Paks.
Paris (J. E.)		*	1508-1629
			17
Parma			1805
Pasewalk.
Pesaro (J. E.)			1507-27
Philadelphia		*	1814
Philippopolis			1898
Piotrkow			1877-
Piove di Sacco (J. E.)			1475
Pisa			1816
Pittsburg		*
Podbrejetz			1796-1803
Podgorze.
Polonnoye			1783-91
Pontefract			1810
Poritzk			1786-91
Posen			1859
Prague			1512
	Zunz, Z. G. pp. 261-303.
Presburg			1839
Prossnitz (Prosstitz)			1602-5
	Weisse, in Notizblatt der Gesellschaft des Ackerbaus, 1856, pp. 56 et seq.
Przemysl
Radawel (Radziwilof)			1814-25
Reggio			1475
Riga			1852
Rimini (J. E.)			1521-26
Riva di Trento (J. E.)			1558-62
	Carmoly, Revue Orientale; Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. vii. 113- 114.
Röodelheim			1757
	Carmoly, l.c. iii. 303.
Rome (J. E.)			1518, 46-
	81
Rostock			1637
Rotterdam			1857
Rustchuk			1894
Sabbionetta			1551-59
	De Rossi, Annales Typographici, 1806.
Sadagora			189-
Safed			1563-87, 1664
St. Louis.
St. Petersburg			1818-
Salingiaci			1515-1655
Salonica			1515
San Francisco
Sarajevo			1875
Sensburg.
Sentheim.
Shanghai			1851
Shklov			1783
Slankowitz			1807
Slavuta			1792-96
Smyrna			1657
Sofia			1893
Solingen.
Soncino (J. E.)			1483-90
Sorvi			1764
Stade			1803
Stettin			1861
Strasburg			1591
Stuttgart			1724
Sudzilkov			1798-1836
Sulzbach			1684-
	Weinberg, Die Hebräische Druckerei in Sulzbach, 1669-1851, Frankfort, 1904.
Suwalki			1861-
Sziget.
Tannhausen			1593
	Perles, in Monatsschrift (1876), xiv. 350 et seq.
Tarnopol			1814
Tarnov			1860
Thiengen			1560
	Wiener, in Monatsschrift, xii. 273 et seq.
Thorn.
Triest			1858
Trino			1525
Tübingen			1512
Tunis			1768
Turin			1526
Turko			1763
Ungvar			1564
Upsala			1655
Utrecht			1657
Venice		*	1517-56, 64
Verona			1594-1650
Vienna			1827
Waitzen		*	1892
Wandsbeck			1709
	Grunwald, Hamburgs Deutsche Juden.
Warsaw			1796-
Wekelsdorf			1600
Wengrov			1794-
Wilky (Kovno)		*	1895-1901
Wilmersdorf			1670-1736
	Freimann, Die Annalen der Druckerei in Wilmersdorf, in Berliner's Festschrift.
Wilna			1799-
Wittenberg			1521-87
	Bauch, in Monatsschrift, 1904.
Worms			1529
Würzburg			1821
Yaroslav.
Zamora			1482-87
Zaslav			1807
Zhitomir			1804-5
Zolkiev			1693-
Züllichau			1728-
Zurich			1546

From Pentateuch, Lublin, 1897.II. Characteristics: Form of Letters.

There are in all four chief forms in which Hebrew letters are printed: the square; the Rashi; the Weiberteutsch, so called because it was used for the "Ẓe'enah u-Re'enah" read by women; and finally the cursive, imitating the handwriting used for business and other correspondence. The first three appeared as early as the beginning of Hebrew typography (see Incunabula); the fourth, only in the eighteenth century, mainly in books on business training, writing-books in this character being produced at Amsterdam in 1715.

One of the characteristics of Hebrew printing from its beginning was the different sizes in which the characters were printed, the Ṭur of Piove di Sacco, 1475, already showing three forms. This is attributed to the commentatorial character of rabbinic literature, the commentary naturally being printed in a smaller type than the text, and the supercommentary in a still smaller one, and the index to both in a yet more minute type. Such a difference of types soon led to the arrangement by which the text was printed in the center, with the commentaries in concentric arrangement around it. This plan has been employed with increasing elaboration; and in the last rabbinic Bible printed by the firm of Schrifgiesser at Warsaw no less than thirty-two commentaries are included, many of which are on a single page. In the beginning this arrangement simply followed that of the ordinary medieval manuscripts in which commentaries occurred. To fill spaces that would otherwise remain empty recourse was had to the use of letters of greater width, the so-called "littere dilatibiles"; but in early prints the first letter of the following word was often inserted instead. Sheet-marks and pagination were only gradually introduced; they were almost invariably in Hebrew letters printed on the recto only; each second page was numbered, the reference to the two sides (pages) of the sheet being by alef, bet, nowadays represented by a, b; e.g., B. Ḳ. 10b; R. H. 17a (Isaiah Berlin tried to introduce the full point and colon, but without much success). The pagination of the Talmud was established by Bomberg, the arrangement of whose pages has been followed in all subsequent editions. Vowel-points and accents occur for the most part only in Bibles and prayer-books, and divisions of chapter and verse in the Bible only rarely till later times.

Paper and Format.

The paper of the early prints is generally good; that of the eighteenth century usually the opposite; the issues of Fürth, Cracow, and Rödelheim are generally distinguished by their foxy paper. White paper was generally used, but the Oppenheimer collection contained fifty-seven volumes on blue, seven on green, two on yellow, and a Haggadah on red paper. Rubrics are printed in red in a work issued at Freiburg in 1584. Amsterdam printers sometimes print red on white; Deinard at Newark on varicolored paper. Large-paper editions occur rather frequently, and parchment was used for special copies, the Oppenheimer collection having fifty-one of these, and many of the copies of the Bologna Tefillah of 1537 being printed on that material, though one on excellent paper is to befound in the Sulzberger collection at New York. All kinds of format occur from the earliest times, but the folio and quarto were chiefly used, the octavo and duodecimo being employed mainly in prayer-books. In the Oppenheimer collection the proportions of the various sizes were as follows:

Folio	1,005
Quarto	1,240
Octavo	901
Duodecimo	330

Strange to say, one of the most bulky of Hebrew books was also one of the earliest, Avicenna's "Canon," with 826 folio pages; this, however, is now far exceeded by the Babli with its 2,947 pages in one volume (Berdychev, 1894).

The Leghorn prints were at times in oblong form, while the recent Aden productions are of the same form, but with the longer side at the back. For variations of the Title-Pages see Jew. Encyc. xii. 154, and for ornamentations see the article Printers' Marks. To those mentioned in the latter article the following may be added: Ashkenazi (Safed, 1587), lion with two tails; Bat-Sheba (Salonica), half lion, half eagle; Mayer ben Jacob (Venice), elephant; Conti (Cremona), shield, angel, eagle; Abraham b. David (Talmud Torah, Salonica, 1719), three crowns; Koelner (Frankfort-on-the-Main), imperial eagle; De Lannoy (Offenbach), nest of bird with flowers; Aaron Lipman (Sulzbach), tree, crab, fish, and serpent; Shabbethai Bass (Dyhernfurth), two bars of music.

Colophon and Title-Page.

The idea of representing the title-page of a book as a door with portals appears to have attracted Jewish as well as other printers. The fashion appears to have been started at Venice about 1521, whence it spread to Constantinople. Bomberg used two pillars in his "Miklol" of 1545, and this was imitated at Cracow and Lublin. These pillars are often supported by, or support, figures, draped or undraped, as in the "Toẓe'ot Ḥayyim" of Cracow (c. 1593). A Maḥzor of Cracow (1619) has a flying angel of death, while the Pirḳe R. Eliezer of Constantinople (1640) has a centaur and siren. The tree with the shield of David supported by two lions appears first in the Sabbionetta prints, and is imitated by other symbolic figures, as the eagle in the Amsterdam Seliḥot of 1677. These decorations of the title-page led later to illustrations within the work itself, the first of these being in the "Mashal ha-Ḳadmoni," Soncino, 1491. The "Yosippon" and other works of a historical character were favorite receptacles for rather crude illustrations of this kind, as were also the Passover Haggadot, in which even maps of the Holy Land were printed (see Haggadah).

The place and date of printing, as also the name of the printer, were generally expressed in Colophons, but in later times were also placed on the title-page. The day of the week is often indicated by references to Biblical texts, having in view the lucky character of Tuesday as a beginning day (see Week). The date is also often made known by a text (see Chronogram). The omission of letters in these dates often leads to confusion (Zunz, "Datenbestimmungen," in "G. S." i.); and the place of publication does not always coincide with that of printing. Even the place of printing has sometimes to be checked, as frequently German printers attempted to claim the style and authority of Amsterdam, and those of Fürth passed themselves off as coming from Sulzbach. The place of printing was sometimes omitted in order to evade the censor.

Printers.

Information is often given in these colophons as to the size of the office and the number of persons engaged therein and the character of their work. In the larger offices there would be a master printer ("ba'al madpis"), who was sometimes identical with the proprietor of the office ("ba'al ha-defus"). The actual printer was called "madpis," or sometimes "meḥoḳeḳ." The master printer was occasionally assisted by a manager or factor ("miẓib 'al hadefus"). Besides these there was a compositor ("meẓaref" or "mesadder"), first mentioned in the "Leshon Limmudim" of Constantinople (1542). Many of these compositors were Christians, as in the workshop of Juan di Gara, or at Frankfort-on-the-Main, or sometimes even proselytes to Judaism (see above). Finally, good proof-readers or correctors for the press were always indispensable. They were called "maggihim." Notwithstanding their help, a list of errata was often necessary, one of the earliest occurring in a German Maḥzor produced at Salonica in 1563.

From the Letteris Bible, Vienna, 1892.

Up to the nineteenth century all work was naturally hand-work, and printing was comparatively slow. It took nearly a whole year for the Soncinos to print off 638 folio pages, while sixty years later Giustiniani printed 190 pages of Maimonides' letters in seven days.

For the injury done to the correctness of the text by the censors before and even after printing, see Censorship of Hebrew Books. The existence of censors in Italy, Germany, and Poland rendered the works printed previous to 1554 (the date of the Ferrara conference on this subject) of especial value for the text, though care was taken by the Jews themselves before that date not to offend Christianprejudices too much by printing the more out-spoken passages. In a measure Jews had their own censorship in the form of Approbations ("haskamot"), without which in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries no book was considered altogether respectable. These approbations were sometimes accompanied by special privileges, as when the rabbis of Venice issued a decree against any one buying a certain book except from the printer; and the parnasim of Amsterdam had the right of inflicting a fine for the infringement of the copyright of any one whom they favored. In the case of the Frankfort Talmud imperial permission was found necessary to produce it.

Of the cost of printing in early times little is known. The "Yeẓer Ṭob" of Venice (1597-1606) cost a thousand florins to print, while the thirty-six pages of the "Zore la Nefash" (?) of Venice (1619) cost as much as twenty-five ducats. Joseph Witzenhausen got four thalers a sheet for the Judæo-German translation of the Bible published by Athias. In the early days 300 copies of a work were sufficient. This number of the Psalms with Ḳimḥi (1477) was printed; so, too, of the "Yafeḳ Raẓon," while of the "Torat Ḥesed" only 200 came into existence. For the methods adopted in selling books see the article Book-Trade.

Technique of Hebrew Printing.

Turning to the technical side of Hebrew printing, it has to be remarked that in the justification of Hebrew, wide spacing is to be preferred, and that the vowels and accents have to be justified in a separate line after the consonants have been set up. The wide spacing is rendered necessary by the fact that hyphens can not be used in ordinary Hebrew printing, though in modern works this use is creeping in. To fill out spaces, as mentioned above, the extended letters, "alef," "he," "ḥet," "lamed," "mem," and "taw," are used.

In ordinary Hebrew printing "the compositor begins as he does with English, by setting the characters at the left hand of his copy, turning the nicks of his type inward to face the composing-rule. When the line has been spaced and justified . . . it is turned in the stick" (De Vinne, "Modern Methods of Book Composition," p. 245, New York, 1904). The arrangement of cases for Hebrew varies in different offices, but the accompanying illustration shows that generally adopted. The characters and points most used are in the lower case; accents, broad or extended letters, and letters with points are in the upper case.

The difficulty of Hebrew printing for persons not accustomed to the language consists in the great similarity of some of the letters, as "he," "ḥet," and "taw," "dalet" and "resh," "shin" and "sin," and other letters only distinguished by a dot, representing the dagesh. Final "pe" and final "ẓade" also are sometimes confounded, while their hair-lines often tend to break off during press-work. The contrast of the shaded portions of the letters with the hair-lines is perhaps the most marked type-founder's characteristic of Hebrew as compared with Roman type, in which hair-lines are avoided as much as possible. The actual forms of the letters have changed little since the first appearance of matrices in Italy in the fifteenth century. The tendency is rather toward making the letters smaller in size and squarer. Some of the most beautiful type of this kind is that of Filipowski. It is said that compositors unfamiliar with Hebrew tend to set type more accurately, though more slowly, owing to the extra care they devote to following copy. Few ordinary printing establishments have Hebrew type, and on the rare occasions when it is necessary to use it it is customary to borrow it from an establishment with a more varied outfit of types, or to have the type set up in such an establishment, the whole matter cast, and transferred bodily as a single type into the text. Christian printers handle only the square letter, Rashi and cursive always being set up by Jewish typesetters.

Hebrew Upper and Lower Cases.(From Theodore L. De Vinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," New York, 1904.)Productivity of Hebrew Presses.

With regard to the works which have been turned out by Hebrew printers during the last 450 years, it would be interesting to determine approximately their number and character. During the first quarter of the century in which incunabula were produced (1475-1500) 100 Hebrew works were issued, at the rate of four per annum. During the next forty years (1500-40) about 440 were issued (M. Schwab, in "Les Incunables Orientaux," enumerates 430 up to this period) averaging eleven per annum. During the next two periods from 1540 to 1732 a rough estimate would give the number of works at 6,605; namely, Bibles,710; Targum, 70; Talmud, 590; ritual, 1,000; anonymous, 350; Judæo-German, 385; and works of specific authors, 3,500—an average of about thirty-three works issued per annum. During the 160 years since the last-mentioned date the production has rapidly increased, but it is difficult to determine the exact numbers. Some indication can be obtained by the gradually increased number of Hebrew works mentioned in the various sources as follows:

Bibliographer.		Date.	Hebrew Books.
1.	Shabbethai Bass	1680	2,200
2.	Bartolocci	1693	1,943
3.	J. C. Wolf	1733	2,832
4.	Azulai	1790	3,527
5.	Oppenheimer	1826	4,221
6.	Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl."	1858-82	2,004
7.	Steinschneider	1860	5,232
8.	Fürst urst	1863	9,360
9.	Zedner	1867	5,220
10.	Benjacob (including manuscripts and references)	1880	14,978
			really about
			6,500
11.	Lippe (vols. i. and ii.)	1880-89	1,210
12.	Van Straalen	1894	11,100
13.	Zeitlin	1895	3,643
14.	Lippe (vol. iii., addenda)	1899	878
15.	Wiener (to "ṭet")	1904	4,575

Number of Hebrew Works.

Wiener's list promises to run to 17,000. If one may judge from the numbers given by him, and take account of the fact that the average recorded by Steinschneider between 1860 and 1880, about 100 per annum, is at best only a minimum, having been recently largely increased, there can be no doubt that 20,000 volumes have been produced during the last period. This is confirmed by the fact that the Asiatic Museum of St. Petersburg, containing the largest Hebrew collection in the world, has no less than 30,000 volumes, of which 5,000 are written in Judæo-German and Yiddish. The Jerusalem National Library (founded by Chazanowicz) in 1902 had 22,233 volumes, 10,900 of them Hebrew ("Ha-Meliẓ," 1902, No. 259). The British Museum in 1867 had nearly the same number. It would be of interest to compare the classes under which these various works are included, with the relative number of volumes contained in these two collections (see preceding table).

Classes.		Zedner.	Chazanowicz.
1.	Bibles	1,260	794
2.	Bible Commentaries	510
3.	Talmud	730
4.	Talmud Commentaries	700	202
5.	Methodology	....	272
6.	Codes	1,260	447
7.	Code Commentaries	....	386
8.	Novellæ	520	644
9.	Responsa	....	512
10.	Liturgy	1,200	881
11.	Midrash and Yalḳuṭ	150	389
12.	Sermons	450	587
13.	Cabala	460	533
14.	Grammar and Dictionaries	450	588
15.	History, Archeology, and Memoirs.	320	1,231
16.	Geography and Travels in Palestine	....	292
17.	Poetry, Criticism	770	585
18.	Science	180	260
19.	Theology and Polemics	690	449
20.	Ethics	....	430
21.	Educational	....	265
22.	Fiction	....	510
23.	Periodicals, Newspapers, Catalogues	....	648
24.	Yiddish	....	900

It would be still more interesting to determine the actual works and editions of them which go to make up the 20,000 or so separate works which have been produced by the Hebrew presses up to the end of the nineteenth century. Unfortunately Hebrew bibliography is not in such a state that this could be done with any approach to accuracy, but a considerable number of subject lists have been made from which a close approximation can be given for the various branches. The sources from which lists are derived vary in thoroughness, mainly according to their date. Information from Reland, or the old Oppenheim catalogue of 1826, naturally does not vie with points ascertained from Steinschneider or S. Wiener, but such as it is, the following list will serve both as an indication of the topics treated of in Hebrew literature and as a guide to the sources in which the fullest account at present known is given. Occasionally the lists include sections of works which should not strictly be counted, as this leads to duplication, and besides some of the entries include also manuscripts. On the other hand, these items probably do not more than compensate for the omissions in the older lists. In some few instances no actual enumeration is accessible, and in these cases the number given by the Chazanowicz collection has been repeated as being the closest approximation that can now be offered. Altogether about 15,380 works are thus accounted for out of the 18,000 or 20,000 Hebrew works and editions that have been produced.

Subject.			No.	Source.
I.	Bibles		......	British Museum Catalogue.
		Polyglot	220
		Complete	175
		Yiddish	3
		Pentateuch	177
		Prophets	6
		Hagiographa	13
		Pentateuch Parts.	15
		Megillot Parts.	10
		Psalms	44
		Prophets, additional.	11
		Apocrypha	12
II.	Bible Commentaries		......	Reland, "Analecta Rabbinica."
		Complete Bible	11
		Pentateuch	214
		Prophets	39
		Hagiographa	62
		Supercommentaries.	65
		Megillot	106
		Miscellaneous	145
		Targum	10
III.	Talmud		172	Zedner and Van Straalen.
IV.	Talmud Commentaries on Separate Tractates.		196	Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres."
V.	Methodology.
		Indexes	90	Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres."
		Hermeneutics	237	Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres."
VI.	Codes		310	Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl."
VII.	Code Commentaries		185	Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl."
		Maimonides	207	Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres ha-Rambam."
		On the 613 Commandments.	171	Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres Taryag."
VIII.	Novellæ		298	Benjacob, s.v. "Ḥiddushim."
		Posḳim	347	Oppenheim.
		Names	93	Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres Mazkir."
IX.	Responsa		611	Merzbacher, "Ohel Abraham," 1888.
X.	Liturgy		1,544	Zedner and Van Straalen.
		Teḥinnot	123	Oppenheim.
		Seliḥot	97	Oppenheim.
		Haggadah	898	S. Wiener, "Oster-Haggadah." St. Petersburg, 1902.
XI.	Midrash		213	Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres Midrash."
XII.	Sermons		587	Chazanowicz.
		Burial	123	Jellinek, " "Ḳonṭres ha- Masped."
XIII.	Cabala		104	Bartolocci.
XIV.	Grammar and Dictionaries.		588	Chazanowicz.
		Lexicons	59	Wolf.
		Grammar	424	Steinschneider, "Bibl. Hand."
XV.	History, Archeology, and Memoirs.
		History	317	Steinschneider, "Geschichts-Litteratur der Juden," 1905.
		Tombstone Inscriptions.	21	Jew. Encyc. iii. 641-642, s.v. "Cemeteries."
		Taḳḳanot	17	Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl." vi. 16.
XVI.	Geography		118	Zunz. "G. S."
		Palestine	154	Steinschneider, in Luncz's "Luaḥ," 1872.
XVII.	Poetry, Criticism		585	Chazanowicz.
		Occasional Poetry	207	Benjacob, s.v. "Shirim."
		Letters	142	Benjacob, s.v. "Iggerot."
		Tales	150	Benjacob s.v. "Ma'assim."
		Rhetoric	56	Oppenheim.
		Purim and Parodies.	28	Steinschneider. in "Monatschrift 1903.
		Purim Parodies	57	Steinschneider, in "Letterbode."
		Drama, Original	52	Berliner, "Yesod 'Olam," p. xiii.
XVIII.	Science		260	Chazanowicz.
		Mathematics	271	Steinschneider, "Mathematik bei den Juden" (to 1650).
		Medicine	46	Benjacob, s.v. "Refu'ah."
		Astronomy	80	Bartolocci.
		Chronology	27	Bartolocci.
		Calendar	77	Zeitlin, in Gurland's "Luaḥ," 1882.
XIX.	Theology and Polemics.		449	Chazanowicz.
		Anti-Christian Polemics.	182	De Rossi, "Bibliotheca Judaica Anti-Christiana."
		Future Life	44	E. Abbot, "Literature of Future Life." 1891.
		Karaitica	51	Deinard (MS. list).
		Hasidica	307
XX.	Ethics		34	Stein, "Ethik des Talmuds."
		Wills, Ethical	60	Abrahams, in "J. Q. R." 481, 4.
		Philosophy	76	Oppenheim.
		Proverbs	184	Bernstein, "Livres Parémiologiques Warsaw, 1900.
XXI.	Educational		265	Chazanowicz.
XXII.	Fiction		510	Chazanowicz.
XXIII.	Periodicals.
		Hebrew	199
		Yiddish	191
		Ladino	53
		Almanacs	58	Benjacob, s.v. "Luḥot."
		Catalogues	46	Zedner.
XXIV.	Yiddish		311	Wiener. "Yiddish Literature," p. 99.
		Judæo-German	385	Steinschneider, "Serapeum," 1848.
XXV.	Ladino		164	Kayserling, "Bibl. Esp.-Port.-Jud."
XXVI.	Translations, Modern.		152	Jew. Encyc. s.v.

In addition to the examples of Hebrew printing which are given as illustrations in the present article (all of them being derived from the Sulzberger collection in the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York city), the volumes of The Jewish Encyclopedia contain a larger number of reproductions of Hebrew typography than have ever yet been brought together, a list of which, in order of place of publication, may fitly conclude this account.

Where Printed.	Date.	Title.	Jew. Encyc.
			v.	p.
Alcala	1514	Bible Polyglot	iii.	159
Altdorf	1644	Title-page of "Sefer Niẓẓaḥon"	xii.	153
Amsterdam	1666	Title-page of Shabbethaian "Tiḳḳun	xii.	156
Amsterdam	1679	Title-page of Bible	xii.	155
Amsterdam	1701	"Sefer Raziel"	x.	336
Amsterdam	1726	Picart, title-page of Pentateuch	x.	29
Amsterdam	1787	"Me'ah Berakot"	iii.	8
Amsterdam	....	Title-page of miniature Siddur	xii.	156
Amsterdam	....	Title-page of Bible	xii.	157
Basel	1534	Münster Bible	ix.	113
Berlin	1702	Jacob b. Asher, Ṭur Oraḥ Ḥayyim	v.	151
Bologna	1477	Psalms with Ḳimḥi	iii.	155
Bologna	1482	Psalms with Pentateuch	iii.	157
Bologna	1538	"Tefillot Latini"	iii.	299
Brescia	1491	Immanuel b. Solomon, "Meḥabberot	vi.	565
Brescia	1494	Bible	iii.	158
Budapest	1903	Karaite Siddur	x.	179
Constantinople.	1512	Midrash Tillim	iv.	241
Constantinople.	1517	Moses ibn Tibbon translation of Maimonides' "Sefer ha-Miẓwot	vi.	547
Constantinople.	1520	Baḥya b. Asher, "Kad haḲemaḥ"	iv.	243
Constantinople.	1532	Elijah Mizraḥi "Mispar," Soncino	v.	45
Constantinople.	1620	Midrash Eleh Ezkerah	viii.	577
Cracow	1571	Maḥzor (Judæo-German)	iv.	330
Cracow	....	Printer's mark of Isaac b. Aaron of Prossnitz	x.	200
Dyhernfurth	1771	Periodicals	ix.	605
Fano	1503	Hai Gaon, "Musar Haskel".	v.	340
Fano	1506	Judah ha-Levi, "Cuzari"	vii.	349
Fano	1516	Jacob b. Asher, "Arba' Ṭurim	iii.	643
Faro	1487	Pentateuch	v.	345
Ferrara	1555	Ḥasdai Crescas, "Or Adonai"	v.	371
Genoa	1612	Title-page of "Shefa' Ṭal"	xii.	154
Guadalajara	1482	David Ḳimḥi's Commentary on the Prophets	vi.	103
Homberg-vor-der-Hohe	1737	Schiff, "Hiddushe Halakot"	xi.	99
Isny	1541	Elijah Levita, "Tishbi"	viii.	47
Ixar	1485	Jacob b. Asher, Oraḥ Ḥayyim	vii.	13
Lisbon	1489	Abudarham	viii.	105
Lisbon	1489	Naḥmanides Commentary on the Pentateuch	ix.	89
London	1813	Almanac	i.	428
Lublin	1590	Mordecai Jaffe, "Lebushim"	vii.	59
Lyck	1865	Periodicals	ix.	610
Mantua	1475	"Yosippon"	vii.	261
Mantua	1476	Jacob b. Asher, Ṭur Oraḥ Ḥayyim.	iv.	205
Mantua	Before 1480	Levi b. Gershon, Commentary	iv.	173
Mantua	Before 1480	Levi b. Gershon, Commentary on the Pentateuch	viii.	27
Mantua	1561	"Tefillot Vulgar"	iv.	172
Naples	1487	Ḳimḥi Commentary	x.	247
Naples	1488	Abraham ibn Ezra, Commentary on the Pentateuch	vi.	523
Naples	1489	Baḥya's "Ḥobot ha-Lebabot"	ii.	449
Naples	1489	kalonymus, "Eben Boḥan"	vii.	427
New York	1899	Periodicals	ix.	609
Paris	1543	Stephanus Bible	ix.	538
Paris	1807	Sanhedrin Prayers	xi.	47
Pesaro	1512	Soncino, "Sefer Yehoshua'"	iii.	321
Piove di Sacco	1475	Jacob b. Asher, "Arba' Ṭurim"	vii.	29
Prague	1525	Maḥzor	viii.	267
Prague	1526	Haggadah	vi.	147
Prague	1526	Haggadah	x.	167
Reggio	1475	Rashi, Commentary on the Bible	x.	329
Rödelheim	868	Siddur	x.	177
Rome	1480	"'Aruk"	ix.	181
Rome	1480	"Morch Nebukim"	ix.	79
Rome	1480	"Semag"	ix.	69
Sabbionetta	1559	Talmud	xii.	21
Salonica	1522	Isaac Arama, "'Aḳedat Yiẓḥaḳ"	v.	581
Soncino	1484	Solomon ibn Gabirol, "Mibḥar ha-Peninim"	vi.	531
Soncino	1485	"'Iḳḳarim"	xi.	465
Soncino	1485	Maḥzor	viii.	265
			v.	p.
Soncino	Before 1500	Title-page of an unknown edition of the Talmud	xii.	13
Venice	1517	Bomberg Bible	iii.	160
Venice	1520	Bomberg Talmud	xii.	17
Venice	1522	Title-page of Bomberg Talmud	xii.	152
Venice	1526	Bomberg Talmud	iii.	301
Venice	1564	Gershon b. Solomon, "Shefer Sha'ar ha-Shamayim"	iii.	645
Venice	1547	Caro, Shulḥan 'Aruk	iii.	587
Venice	1694	"She'elot u-Teshubot"	xi.	655
Venice	....	Title-page of Ritual	xii.	414
Vienna	1901	Periodicals	ix.	615
Wilna	1865	Title-page of Bible	xii.	157
Wilna	1880	Shulḥan 'Aruk	xii.	529
Wilna	1884	Romm Talmud	xii.	22
Zurich	1546	"Yosippon" (Judæo-German)	vii.	263

J.